MAXI detected an X-ray burst from the neutron-star low-mass X-ray binary (NS-LMXB) 3A 1812-121 at 2024 August 5 4:51 UT in the constellation Serpens cauda. There is a persistent bright NS-LMXB GX 17+2 nearby, and 3A 1812-121 is usually too dim to be recognized. However, the X-ray burst made it appear as brightly (1 Crab) as GX 17+2.
XTE J1946+274 with new satellites
news-1406 July 25, 2024 by MiharaOn 2024-07-17 MAXI noticed faint (20 mCrab) X-ray from the Be/X-ray binary pulsar XTE J1946+274 in the constellation Vulpecula ( ATel #16717 ). It started brightening from 2024-07-14 with the rate of about 7 mCrab/day. It reached about 50 mCrab on 2024-7-23. MAXI ATel was followed by the first ATel with SVOM/ECLAIRs ( ATel #16719 ) and EP/WXT ( ATel #16723 ). SVOM/ECLAIRs automatically detected XTE J1946+274 at 2024-07-18 and sent the information to ground in real-time through the VHF network. SVOM (Space-based multi-band astronomical Variable Objects Monitor) was just launched on 2024 June 22. EP/WXT detected XTE J1946+274 from 1 mCrab on 2024-07-11 to 10 mCrab on 2024-07-18. EP (Einstein Probe) was launched on 2024 January 9. Thus new satellites have joined in the transient astronomy.
Seyfert-2 galaxy NGC 526 brightens
news-1405 July 18, 2024 by MiharaMAXI detected a faint source at the constellation Sculptor on 2024 July 10. The 4-day averaged flux was 5.5 mCrab. There exists the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 526. The distance to the galaxy is 300 million lt-yr. X-ray comes from the central super-massive black hole. It is listed in the MAXI 7-year catalog as 3MAXI J0124-349 with the intensity of 1 mCrab. The current intensity is 5 times brighter than that. Looking back the MAXI data since 2020, it is variable between 0 and 6 mCrab in a time scale of two months.
Dim but repeating 35 outbursts GRS 1747-312
news-1404 July 11, 2024 by MiharaMAXI team member noticed a faint X-ray source appeared in constellation Scorpius on 2024 July 1. The location contains the neutron star binary GRS 1747-312. The flux kept increasing until the novasearch program detected it on July 10. The outburst occurred after almost one-year quiescence. Looking back at the 15 years of activity of this source, MAXI had detected 35 outbursts in 15 years. The averaged appearance is about once in 150 day. The peak flux is about 40 mCrab. It is faint because the distance is rather far, 24,000 lt-yr. It was discovered in 1990. It is a neutron star binary in the globular cluster Terzan 6.
High-mass X-ray binary IGR J19140+0951
news-1403 July 4, 2024 by MiharaMAXI team noticed a new weak X-ray source appeared in the Aquila region. The flux was 33 +- 5 mCrab when integrated over 2024 June 19-21 ( ATel #16665 ). The location looked different from the two close sources; the high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) IGR J19140+0951 and also the blackhole binary GRS 1915+105. Swift/XRT took a follow-up observation on June 21, and found two X-ray sources; IGR J19140+0951 (14 mCrab) and 2SXPS J191444.1+093759 (0.8 mCrab) ( ATel #16666 ). IGR J19140+0951 is likely to the MAXI source, since the flux agrees. IGR J19140+0951 was discoved in 2003 (Hannikainen et a. 2004) and categorized in the Supergiant HMXB. The light curve was flare-like with an intensity of 20 - 40 mCrab. This nature is consistent with the MAXI's observation. It is the HMXB region containing four HMXBs; IGR J19140+0951, GRS 1915+105, 4U 1909+07, and SS 433.
Faint and almost steady Be X-ray binary pulsar 4U 1036-56
news-1402 June 27, 2024 by MiharaMAXI detected a faint outburst from 4U 1036-56 on 2024 June 19 in the constellation Vela. The 2-day averaged flux was 11 +- 3 mCrab in 4-10 keV ( ATel #16669 ). The previous activities were reported by Swift and INTEGRAL in 2012 ( ATel #3936 ), 2015 ( ATel #8425 , #8435 ), and 2017 ( ATel #10486 ). In fact, the MAXI 15-years light curve shows brightening in some years (figure). It is also listed in the MAXI 7-year catalog as 3MAXI J1036-568 with flux of 0.4 mCrab, which is almost the limiting flux. The nature of 4U 1036-56 is a Be X-ray binary pulsar with the orbital period of 61 days, the spin period of 860 s, and the distance of 19000 lt-yr on the Sagittarius arm.
Brightens again EXO 0748-676
news-1401 June 19, 2024 by Mihara
MAXI detected an X-ray burst (~2 Crab) from the low-mass
X-ray binary EXO 0748-676 at 2024 June 13, 19:23 UT in the constellation Volans
( ATel #16654 ).
MAXI light curve shows that the star started to shine around May 10, 2024 and
reached about 15 mCrab around June 14.
It was discovered in 1985 with EXOSAT and kept shining until it disappeared in 2008.
Since then it had been quiet, but it repeated the activity again.
This burst was the first time for MAXI since the launch in 2009.
The burst is short (~10s) and is considered to be a He burning.
Prior to it, Swift/BAT detected the first X-ray burst in this outburst on June 10
(GCN #36657 ).
Disturbing periodicity of SMC X-1
news-1400 June 6, 2024 by MiharaSMC X-1 is the 0.7s X-ray binary pulsar in SMC. Besides the 3.89 day orbital period, SMC X-1 has another longer on-off period of 55 day, which is called the super orbital period. It was stable for tens of years. However, MAXI monitoring showed that the period became shorter to 45 d in 2023 September. Last week, on 2024 May 28, SMC X-1 turned on one-week before the prediction. The super orbital period may be getting shorter and shorter. Something may be happening in the SMC X-1 accretion disk.
First X-ray flare from the dMe triplet
news-1399 May 17, 2024 by Mihara
There were many false events originated from the series of
strong X-class solar flares last week.
Nevertheless,
MAXI detected a soft X-ray burst GRB 240514E
with 100 mCrab intensity at 19:04 UT on May 14, 2024
in the constellation Lepus
(GCN #36485 ).
Later, we found a flare
star triplet, BD-21 1074 in the MAXI error box
( ATel #16622 ).
This could be the candidate of the burst.
The distance to the star is 65 lt-yr.
Flare from nearby dMe star AT Mic
news-1398 May 9, 2024 by MiharaMAXI detected an X-ray flare from AT Mic at 2024 May 2 20:46 UT. The intensity was 100 mCrab. AT Mic is a binary of two dMe stars at the distance of 35 lt-yr. "dMe" is the spectral type of a star, which means dwarf M-type star with emission line. Emission line such as H-alpha indicates high coronal activity. Although the optical magnitude is 11 mag (invisible to the naked eye) and the mass is only 0.25 of the sun, the star is very active also in X-ray. For example, this flare is 1 million times stronger than the X-class solar flare.
OHMAN detected long burst from 4U 1850-086
news-1397 May 2, 2024 by MiharaMAXI detected an X-ray burst from the ultra-compact X-ray binary 4U 1850-086 (also known as 4U 1850-087) in Aquila at 2024 April 24 12:40 UT ( ATel #16600 ). The X-ray flux was 250 mCrab. OHMAN acted successfully and the NICER turned to the source in 3.1 minutes. This burst was in fact a long X-ray burst that OHMAN aimed. Unexpectedly, the light curve dropped suddenly at 30 s in the NICER observation and returned to the original level at 70s, which is puzzling scientists. After that, the burst decayed exponentially slowly with the time scale of 40 minutes.
ISS robot arm blocked MAXI FOV
news-1396 April 25, 2024 by MiharaBright X-ray stars GS 1626-238 and NGC 6624 disappeared around 2024 April 19 12h UT. On April 21 bright stars near the galactic center disappeared, which were GX 13+1, GX 5-1, GX 3+1, H 1755-338, and GX 354-0. We found ISS robot arm (SS-RMS) parked in the MAXI field of view, and blocked some stars. The SS-RMS moved away by April 23 20h UT, and the MAXI sky got back to the normal.
Be X-ray binary pulsar RX J0520.5-6932 in LMC
news-1395 April 18, 2024 by MiharaMAXI detected an X-ray outburst from the Be X-ray binary pulsar RX J0520.5-6932 on 2024 April 5. The intensity was 40 mCrab. The onset of the outburst was already detected by SRG ART-XC on March 29 with the intensity of 15 mCrab ( ATel #16562 ). LEIA confirmed it on March 31 ( ATel #16571 ) and NICER detected the 8.02 s pulsation on April 2 ( ATel #16569 ). From MAXI, the source was shaded by the docked Sp-X Crew-8 between March 20 and April 5. The source is far in the Large Magellanic Cloud and the intensity is low. The previous giant outburst was in 2014 January, whose peak was 40 mCrab.
GRB 240309A no follow-up
news-1394 March 21, 2024 by MiharaMAXI detected a gamma-ray burst GRB 240309A at 21:33:07 UT on March 9, 2024 in the constellation Southern Triangle (GCN #35907 ). The burst length was relatively short lasting only for 7 s, which led MAXI error box to be large. There was no follow-up observation in X-ray nor optical.
GRB 240225B from a distant small galaxy
news-1393 March 14, 2024 by MiharaMAXI detected a gamma-ray burst GRB 240225B at 20:15:46 UT on February 25, 2024 in the constellation cancer (GCN #35796 ). AstroSat/CZTI and CALET/GBM also detected the burst, but the time was 230 s earlier (GCN #35798 , #35811 ). It was a long burst lasting over 300 s with many peaks, one of which occurred in the MAXI scan. Swift found an X-ray afterglow (GCN #35810 , #35859 ). Optical afterglow was detected by GOTO , Nanshan , NOT , Mondy , SAO RAS , WINTER , and MITSuME . Finally VLT/X-shooter determined the redshift of z=0.946 and detected the host galaxy of 24.2 mag. (GCN #35832 ). The distance is 7.6 billion lt-yr. The galaxy is small with about 1/10 luminosity of our galaxy.
Reflected X-ray from the full moon
news-1392 March 7, 2024 by MiharaMAXI detected an X-ray increase at 2024/02/22 22:35:06 UT in the constellation cancer. We first thought it an gamma-ray burst, but it was the moon. The moon phase was almost full moon and the ISS was in the night side of the earth. MAXI detected it in the zenithal camera. That is, the moon was high in the night sky. At that time a strong X-class solar flare occurred. The flare did not shine the ISS because it was in the night side. But it shone the moon and the reflected and fluorescent X-ray came back to the ISS. The X-ray flux was 1 Crab. It was about 3e-8 intensity of the direct solar flare. The spectrum consisted of 3 elements lines; Si, Ca, and Fe. In 1962, X-ray astronomy began in trying to detect reflected X-ray from the moon. They detected Sco X-1 in stead of the moon. Now MAXI detected reflected fluorescent X-rays from the moon, which they intended.
Discovery of SRGA J144459.2-60420
news-1391 Febuary 29, 2024 by MiharaThe ART-XC telescope on Spectrum Roentgen Gamma satellite discovered an X-ray nova SRGA J144459.2-604207 on 2024 February 21 in the constellation Circinus ( ATel #16464 ). MAXI team confirmed it ( ATel #16469 ), searched for an activity in the past 14 years, and found three signs ( ATel #16483 ). The first one was on 2022 January 3-7. Before we confirmed the nova, MAXI was shut down due to the JEM emergency on coolant. The second was on 2023 December 9-14. Before confirmation, the star was hidden behind the Sp-X. The third was on 2024 February 17. The sky region was contaminated by the solar flares and we could not recognize a nova. This time, Swift ( ATel #16471 ), ATel #16475 ) and NICER (ATel 16474, 16480) ( ATel #16474 ), ATel #16480 ) conducted follow-up observations, and found X-ray bursts, pulsation of 2.2 ms, and binary orbit of 5.2 h. INTEGRAL reported the bursts are "clocked" of 1.69 h period ( ATel #16485 ). Even the micro-satellite NinjaSat detected an X-ray burst on Feb. 27. There is a candidate infrared star at 6000 lt-yr distance ( ATel #16470 ). Thus in a few days, SRGA J144459.2-604207 was turned to be a millisecond neutron star, accreting low-mass X-ray binary.
X-ray flare from the active star 1H 0451-560
news-1390 Febuary 22, 2024 by Mihara
MAXI detected
a soft X-ray transient
at 01:43 UT on 2024 February 14 in the constellation Dorado
(GCN #35721 ,
ATel #16445 ).
The X-ray flux was 109 mCrab in 4 - 10 keV.
The burst started during the MAXI scan and lasted longer than
the scan window ( > 30 s).
The source had disappeared by the next scan at 03:16 UT.
At that position there was a historical transient source
1H 0451-560. It appeared at
1978 Feb 9 20:24 UT detected with
HEAO-1 A2 detector
( IAU Circular 3174 ).
The time scale (1 minute < t < 2 days) is similar to the MAXI source, also are the intensity(0.14 Crab) and spectrum (Crab-like).
The source was observed later with the Einstein satellite IPC
detector
and identified to a flare star CD-56 1032B whose distance is
36 lt-year from the earth.
This time, SRG/ART-XC serendipitously confirmed the MAXI source
( ATel #16448 ).
Swift performed a follow up observation to the MAXI source
and detected a bright source
( ATel #16467 ).
The location was almost consistent with the CD-56 1032B star.
X-ray flare from blazar 1ES 1959+650
news-1389 Febuary 15, 2024 by Mihara
MAXI detected a flare from
the blazar 1ES 1959+650
in the constellation Draco at
2024 Feb 7 20:26 UT (MAXI ML).
The intensity was 40 mCrab.
The detection of TeV gamma-ray followed by LHAASO air shower facility on Feb 9
( ATel #16427 ).
When Swift X-ray follow-up was conducted on Feb 14,
it confirmed the X-ray flare
( ATel #16449 ).
1ES 1959+650
is an active galaxy at the distance of 639 million lt-yr (z=0.047).
The jet is ejected from the central black hole towards us.
We are looking at the jet from the front.
The multi-wavelength emission from the radio to the TeV gamma-ray is very bright and variable.
Especially 1ES 1959+650 has two peaks at X-ray and TeV, and
called HBL (High-frequency peaked BL Lacs).
X-ray flare and H alpha line from UX Ari
news-1388 Febuary 1, 2024 by Mihara
MAXI detected a stellar flare from
UX Ari
at 04:25 UT on January 27, 2024.
The flux was 50 mCrab
( ATel #16423 ).
It is a 6 magnitude active binary star at 164 lt-yr distance.
The Spectroscopic Chuo university Astronomical Telescope (SCAT)
performed a follow-up optical spectral observation in 5 h later,
and found a very strong H-alpha emission line
with the equivalent width (EW) of 17 A.
It declined to 6 A in more 6 h later.
Previous reported EW was 5 A at strongest.
Rapid response to the MAXI's large flare enabled to catch a rare phenomenon
even from the middle of Tokyo.
Distant and ancient GRB 240122A
news-1387 January 24, 2024 by Mihara
MAXI detected a gamma-ray burst GRB 240122A at 10:28:03 UT on January 22, 2024 in the constellation Lepus
(GCN #35593 ).
The X-ray intensity was 150 mCrab.
GOTO (Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer) caught the GRB by chance
at 44 minutes later
(GCN #35596 ).
The optical afterglow was 17th magnitude.
It decayed to 20th magnitude at 13 h later .
(GCN #35611 ).
Swift follow-up detected an X-ray afterglow of 1 mCrab at the same position at 8 h later
(GCN #35600 ).
The 10m diameter GTC/ORISIS+ (Gran Telescopio Canarias) telescope
took an optical spectrum at 13 h later and determined the redshift of z=3.162
(GCN #35598 ).
The 8m telescope VLT/X-shooter in Chile also observed it at 16 h later and confirmed the redshift
(GCN #35599 ).
The distance to the GRB is 11.7 billion lt-yr.
This is the second farthest GRB ever detected with MAXI
among 18 GRBs with observed redshifts.
X-ray precursor from GRB 240107A
news-1386 January 11, 2024 by MiharaMAXI detected a Gamma-ray burst GRB 240107A at 19:15:42 on January 7, 2024 in the constellation Pavo (GCN #35495 ). The X-ray intensity was 110 mCrab. It was also detected by the gamma-ray detector (CZTI) on AstroSat at the peak time at 19:16:32, which is 50 s after the MAXI trigger (GCN #35503 ). The MAXI light curve shows that soft X-ray came at first, then hard X-ray followed at 25 s later. This X-ray is called X-ray precursor. About 10 % of GRBs emit X-ray just before the gamma-ray explosion.
Photospheric radius expansion X-ray burst from 3A 1812-121
news-1385 January 4, 2024 by Mihara
MAXI detected an X-ray burst from the low-mass X-ray binary 3A 1812-121 at 00:07:30 on December 31, 2023 in the constellation Serpens.
The X-ray intensity was 2.3 Crab.
3A 1812 is known to have a bright burst, since it is closer (~4 kpc,
Cocchi et al. 2000).
than the other bulge sources (~8 kpc).
The burst was short (2 s) in the hard band (10-20 keV), while it was long (30 s) in the soft band (4-10 keV).
At the ignition of the He nuclear fusion, the gas temperature and so the radiation became so high
(~10 keV) that the burning shell started to expand with the radiation pressure.
However, the energy is not enough to escape from the gravity of the
neutron star.
The gas rises to about 30 km cooling down quickly and falls back again to the neutron star with radius of 10 km.
The X-ray from the surface (2 keV) lasts longer until all the energy is emitted.
Outburst from IGR J06074+2205 as predicted
news-1384 December 28, 2023 by Mihara
MAXI detected an X-ray from the Be/X-ray binary pulsar IGR J06074+2205 on December 26, 2023
( ATel #16394 ).
The X-ray intensity was 38 +- 7 mCrab.
The previous MAXI report noticed the possible orbital period of 80 days
( ATel #16351 ,
news-1381 ).
This outburst occurred as predicted.
The orbital period of this Be binary has become more likely to be 80 days.
The outburst of this source is very weak and short-lived (~7 days),
and there was no detailed observations of the outburst.
Since we are ready this time, NICER, HXMT and optical H-alpha telescopes will
perform follow-up observations.
see also NICER science nugget 2024/1/4
Two GRBs in one day with a MUSST
news-1383 December 7, 2023 by Mihara
MAXI detected two gamma-ray bursts in a day on 2023 November 29, GRB 231129B
at 14:03 UT in the constellation Lyra
(GCN #35214 )
and GRB 231129C at 19:10 UT in Hydrus
(GCN #35223 ).
They are in contrast. B had a soft spectrum, detected only by MAXI, and there was
no counterpart in Swift follow-up,
while C had a hard spectrum, detected by 8 satellites, and there was an optical and X-ray
counterpart.
In a word, B is the 10th MUSST and C is a typical GRB (the 4th brightest with MAXI among 156).
MUSST means MAXI Unidentified Short Soft Transient.
OHMAN novasearch detected both, but NICER's auto action was disabled
to avoid a misfunction by a strong solar flare.
The visibility condition was poor for both GRBs, anyway.
X-ray upper limits of gravitational wave sources
news-1382 November 30, 2023 by MiharaMAXI team reported 3 upper limits of X-ray radiation from the gravitational wave (GW) sources in November 2023. They are S231119ab (GCN #35130 ), S231113cd (GCN #35019 ), and S231113bw (GCN #35017 ). Since the GW Operation 4 (O4) started in May 2023 by LIGO/Virgo/Kagura, MAXI team reported upper limits of 11 events. Every day about 10 GW events are reported. We pick up significant and neutron star (NS) events among them and report the results. The condition is, False Alert Rate is rarer than 10 events per 1 year, and NS probability is higher than 5 %. So far, about 2000 GW events were reported and all of them are upper limits with MAXI. We reported only possible events.
Outburst of Be X-ray Binary Pulsar IGR 06074+2205
news-1381 November 16, 2023 by MiharaMAXI detected a faint X-ray from IGR J06074+2205 on 2023 October 10. The intensity was about 25 mCrab. The trigger was in the most significant band and accumulation time, 3-10 keV and 4 day. It is the Be X-ray binary pulsar (373 s) discovered in 2003 ( ATel #223 ), but had slept for 19 years until MAXI redetected it in 2022 March 23 ( ATel #15294 ). Since then, MAXI's detections were in 2022 June 10 and this time. It tells that the outburst repeating period, which is the binary orbital period, is 80.7 +-1.7 days ( ATel #16351 ). Because the outburst duration is as short as about 7 days and the peak is dim, there has not been any detailed observation of the outburst. The distance to IGR J0607 is 23000 lt-yr, which is at the far end of the outer arm.
Outburst from the black hole GX 339-4
news-1380 October 26, 2023 by Mihara
MAXI detected a weak X-ray from the black hole X-ray binary GX 339-4 on October 18, 2023
( ATel #16302 ).
The 2-10 keV X-ray flux on October 21 was about 10 mCrab.
Since middle of August 2023,
optical and X-ray fluxes had started to increase gradually almost simultaneously
( ATel #16260 ).
From August 15 to September 30 optical flux had increased by 2.5 times (19 mag to 18 mag), and X-ray flux by 10 times (0.02 mCrab to 0.2 mCrab). The brightening continued and MAXI detection followed.
Recently, alert from the very sensitive (~19 mag.) optical monitoring came first for the recurrent black hole sources.
For a Japanese article on GX 339-4 visit ISAS article No.11 GX 339-4.
Bright flare from a near invisible star
news-1379 October 19, 2023 by Mihara
MAXI detected a flare from YZ CMi (Canis Minor) on 2023 October 16 11:16 UT.
The intensity was about 100 mCrab.
It is a dMe star (dwarf red active star) at 19 lt-yr distance.
The size of the star is only 1/4 of the sun, and 2.5 times of Jupitar.
The optical luminosity is about 0.6 % of the sun.
Although it is about 60th closest star, it is so small and dim that the visual magnitude is 11 mag.
We cannot see it with naked eyes.
However, this type of the star is very active. Huge flares are emitted from the the huge sun-spots.
The X-ray luminosity of this flare was 1e24 W, which is 10000 (ten thousand) times stronger than the strongest solar flare (X10 class).
Slow brightening of the giant black hole in NGC 2992
news-1378 October 12, 2023 by MiharaMAXI novasearch triggered on an X-ray increase from the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 2992 in the constellation Hydra on 2023 October 10. The intensity was 5 mCrab. The distance to this galaxy is 100 million lt-yr. The giant black hole in the center of the galaxy changes its luminosity in scale of years. An outburst was once detected in 2016 with MAXI ( ATel #9155). The galaxy might have started be active again.
A Peek of 4U 1700-37
news-1377 September 14, 2023 by MiharaHigh-mass X-ray binary 4U 1700-37, which looks blue in MAXI map, peeks behind the bright Low-mass X-ray binary GX 349+2, which looks yellow, while the detector beam shadowed it.
Bright X-ray nova Swift J1727.8-1613
news-1376 August 31, 2023 by Mihara
On 2023 August 24, a decade X-ray nova appeared in the constellation Ophiucus.
MAXI novasearch noticed it at 11:53 UT
( ATel #16205).
However, the location was too close to a bright X-ray binary GX 9+9 with similar brightness.
The novasearch could not separate them and did not issue an alert.
It was the same for OHMAN.
At 12:20 INTEGRAL detected it, but the report delayed
(GCN #34540 ).
At 13:59 Swift/BAT detected it and reported in ten minutes (GCN 34
(GCN #34537 ).
Therefore, it was named as Swift J1727.8-1613.
It became brighter and brighter, and reached 7 Crab on Aug.26.
Since then it has stayed almost at the same brightness.
It is the third brightest nova in the MAXI era after the first 8.4 and the second 8.2 Crab ones.
NICER, VLA, and optical telescopes made follow-up observations to find it a blackhole binary.
P.S. Swift J1727.8-1613 has been brightening.
It is possibly a black home binary.
The flare on September 19 reached 13 Crab in the soft band (2-4 keV).
It is the highest flux that MAXI ever observed from an X-ray transient. (2023/9/28)
OHMAN detected an X-ray burst from H 1636-536
news-1375 August 24, 2023 by MiharaMAXI detected an X-ray burst from the neutron-star binary H 1636-536 at 2023/8/23 15:43:19 UT. OHMAN triggered the burst and NICER turned to the source at 15:56:49 UT. However, some ISS solar panels were unexpectedly stopped and blocked the source direction. NICER could not observe it. Anyway, it was a normal type-I X-ray burst, and not a long duration burst. It ended up as a good practice, and they say practice makes perfect.
OHMAN caught an intermediate long X-ray burst from 4U 1850-086
news-1374 August 17, 2023 by MiharaMAXI detected an X-ray burst from the neutron star binary 4U 1850-086 at 2023 August 15 15:53:00 UT. The flux was about 1 Crab. OHMAN found it and NICER turned to it automatically. The start time of the NICER observation was 15:53:00 UT, which was 10 min and 31 s after the MAXI trigger. Luckily the source was still bursting. The burst was the intermediate-long burst, which we have been expecting. It is the first one for OHMAN.
OHMAN responded to an X-ray burst of H 1636-536
news-1373 August 13, 2023 by MiharaMAXI detected an X-ray burst from H 1636-536 at 2023-08-01 22:19:59 UT. Automatic OHMAN alert was issued to NICER. NICER started the observation from 22:22:01 UT. The response time was 122 s. Unfortunately, the burst was short one and had ended at that time. But 700s later, another burst occurred. NICER caught it from the beginning. This time, it was curious that many mini bursts followed.
Flare from the rare G-type subgiant
news-1372 July 27, 2023 by MiharaMAXI detected an X-ray flare in the constellation Sculptor on 2023 July 20 ( ATel #16144 ). The flare faded out lasting for 3 hours. It is 6 degrees east of Fomalhaut, far south down from the Milky way. Swift followed it up and found a bright star HD 220096 in the MAXI error circle ( ATel #16145 ). It was the Eruptive Variable. The distance from the Earth is 330 lt-yr. The star is a G-type sub-giant, which is at the end of the H-burning of the main sequence, and whose He core starts to shrink for the He-burning to step forward to the red giant. It was the first detection of the G sub-giant flare for MAXI. It is a "transient age" in the star life and therefore rare. It also emits steady but weak X-ray and listed in MAXI catalog as 3MAXI J2320-269.
Outburst from Black hole XTE J1856+053 every 8 years ?
news-1371 July 20, 2023 by MiharaMAXI detected an new outburst from the black hole binary XTE J1856+053 on 2023 July 13 ( ATel #16131 ). It locates in the constellation Ophiuchus towards the Scutum arm. It was discovered in 1996. After that it repeated outbursts in 2007, 2015, 2023, in every 8 years. There was an irregular outburst in 2020 ( ATel #13511 ). The peculiar behavior only for this source is that an outburst consists of two successive outbursts separated in 3-5 months.
X-ray burst from the globular cluster Terzan 1 in the Galactic center region
news-1370 July 13, 2023 by MiharaMAXI detected an X-ray burst from the globular cluster Terzan 1 in the constellation Scorpius at 10:51 UT on 2023 July 8. The burst started in the middle of the scan, and the flux was about 1 Crab. Terzan 1 has become active in the level of 100 mCrab since 2023 June 21 ( ATel #16124 ). It is the highest level since MAXI's launch in 2009. As this globular cluster contained 12 X-ray sources in a radius of 1.4 arcmin in the Chandra observation in 2005, it is not known which of them or a new one is in the outburst. Historically, the most active one is the low-mass X-ray binary X 1732-304.
Outburst from the black hole binary GRS 1739-278 in the Galactic center region
news-1369 June 29, 2023 by MiharaMAXI detected a soft X-ray transient source in the constellation Sagittarius on 2023 June 26 ( ATel #16097 ). Followup observations with Swift (ATel 16100) and monitoring observation with LEIA ( ATel #16102 ) resolved that the source is of the black hole binary GRS 1739-278. The spectrum is a disk blackbody with the temperature of 0.92 keV (~ 9 million K). It is the soft state of the blackhole binary. The source had already started an outburst on June 22. From the observations of the previous bright outburst in 2014, the mass of the black hole is estimated to be 4-10 solar mass ( Wang et al. 2018). The distance to the source is about 27,000 lt-yr.
X-ray burst from the outbursting SAX J1747.0-2853
news-1368 June 15, 2023 by MiharaMAXI detected an X-ray burst from SAX J1747.0-2853 on 2023 June 13. The source just re-started the activity on 2023 May 24 ( ATel #16059 ). Since then, the accreted gas started to pile on the surface of the neutron star. When a certain amount of gas has accumulated, the temperature and pressure become high enough to ignite the nuclear fusion of the piled gas which consists of H and He. An X-ray burst occurs. The burst shines for some tens of seconds. MAXI detected it. We can estimate the gas piling rate from the persistent X-ray luminosity and the total amount of gas from the burst luminosity. The burst rate is calculated to be once in about 20000 s (several hours). It is consistent with the MAXI detection, once in 20 days, when the MAXI's small instant field of view (1% of the sky) is considered.
Gravitational wave operation 4 started
news-1367 June 8, 2023 by MiharaThe gravitational wave (GW) operation 4 (O4) has started in May, 2023. The first event S230518h came on May 18. MAXI reported an upper limit of the X-ray emission (GCN #33823 ). After that, in June, a GW alert comes almost every day. Now the Virgo and Kagra are absent by maintenance. The position obtained by only the LIGO Hanford and Livingston is widely spread over the sky. There, the all-sky monitor MAXI could play an important role.
Galactic center transient is SAX J1747.0-2853
news-1366 June 1, 2023 by MiharaMAXI team noticed an X-ray increase from the galactic center region since 2023 May 24 ( ATel #16059 ). Although some sources exist within the position resolution of MAXI, X-ray lobster-eye satellite LEIA resolved it and reported that the flux-increasing source is SAX J1747.0-2853 ( ATel #16061 ). It is the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary. Swift also observed the region and confirmed the result.
SN 2023ixf in M101 appeared
news-1365 May 25, 2023 by MiharaA super nova (SN) appeared on an arm in the nearby spiral galaxy M 101 in the constellation Ursa Major on 2023 May 19, It was designated as SN 2023ixf. The distance from the Earth is 27 million lt-yr. Looking back the data, MAXI's upper limit was 12 mCrab around the time of the SN explosion ( ATel #16044 ). Swift and NuSTAR made TOO observations and did detect the SN at 0.03 mCrab ( ATel #16051 ) and 0.1 mCrab ( ATel #16049 ), respectively. The progenitor (the star which exploded) was found in the archive of Spiter ( ATel #16042 ) and Hubble space telescope ( ATel #16050 ). It seems a supergiant star, which was 3,000,000 times brighter (about a thousand times bigger) star than the sun. The SN was a type II and is believed to have formed a neutron star or a black hole.
Taken from
https://forbesjapan.com/articles/detail/63352 .
M-class solar flare and Space-X
news-1364 May 11, 2023 by MiharaStrong X-ray flares from the sun (M-class) occurred around 19-21h UT on May 9, 2023. MAXI image shows an orange fan-like shape. The location is the Space-X docked at the FWD port. It is the reflected solar X-ray by Sp-X, while this region is usually dark, shading cosmological X-rays behind. The nova search progrem deteced many false events. OHMAN was disabled temporally.
XTE J1858+034 in outburst
news-1363 April 20, 2023 by MiharaMAXI detected an outburst from XTE J1858+034 in Aquila on 2023 March 31 ( ATel #15970 ). It is a Be/X-ray binary pulsar discovered in 1998. Since then, outburst were observed in 2004, 2010, 2011, and 2019. The flux was 30 mCrab, rather weak as an outburst, since it locates far, probably on the Scutum arm. The 30 - 45 degrees in galactic longitude is toward the root of the Scutum arm in a tangential way. So there are many high mass X-ray binaries, and they are all weak.
4U 0115+63 in giant outburst
news-1362 April 6, 2023 by MiharaMAXI detected the beginning of a giant outburst from 4U 0115+63 in Cassiopeia on 2023 March 28 ( ATel #15967 ). The flux reached 700 mCrab on April 3, which is the brightest in the 27-years of observations by RXTE/ASM and MAXI/GSC ( ATel #15975 ). 4U 0115+63 is a Be X-ray binary pulsar and repeated outbursts in 2011, 2015 and 2017 in the MAXI era. NICER confirmed the pulsation of 3.614316 s ( ATel #15978 ).
Terzan 1 in outburst
news-1361 March 23, 2023 by Mihara
MAXI detected an outburst from the globular cluster Terzan 1
in the constellation Scorpius on
2023 March 20
( ATel #15955 ).
MAXI also detected an X-ray burst from the same region on March 18.
However, MAXI's angular resolution was not enough to tell they are from the same source or not.
NICER made a follow-up observation and confirmed the outburst
( ATel #15957 ).
The spectrum is like a soft state of neutron-star low-mass X-ray binary.
Apparently, Terzan 1 is the closest globular cluster to the galactic center (4200 lt-yr).
The distance from the Earth is 21800 lt-yr.
see Wikipedia for
optical image of the Terzan 1.
Black hole SLX 1746-331 in outburst
news-1360 March 16, 2023 by MiharaMAXI found a renewed X-ray activity from the black hole candidate SLX 1746-331 in the constellation Scorpius on 2023 March 8 ( ATel #15937 ). The outburst started on March 7 and the flux is rapidly increasing. NICER ( ATel #15941 ) and Swift ( ATel #15943 ) confirmed the outburst. SLX stands for Spacelab X-ray source. As it says, SLX 1746-331 was discovered by the Spacelab-2 (Space Shuttle astronomical mission) in the outburst in 1985 July. Since then, it repeated outbursts in 1990 (ROSAT), 2003 ( ATel #143, #144 ), 2007 ( #1235 ), and 2011 ( ATel #3098 ).
MAXI J1834-021 discovered
news-1359 March 8, 2023 by MiharaMAXI novasearch scientist noticed a faint nova MAXI J1834-021 in the constellation Ophiuchus on 2023 March 6 ( ATel #15929 ). The intensity was 18 +- 4 mCrab and it looks to have appeared around 2023 February 5. Swift made a follow-up observation with 7 tiling and found a single bright (10 mCrab) source ( ATel #15932 ). Since this position does not match the position of any known X-ray transient, they confirmed that MAXI J1834-021 is a new transient.
Outburst of Terzan 5 X-3
news-1358 March 2, 2023 by MiharaMAXI detected an outburst from Terzan 5 in the constellation Sagittarius on February 27, 2023 ( ATel #15917 ). Since it is a globular cluster at 19000 lt-yr away, Terzan 5 contains 3 X-ray binaries and 38 millisecond pulsars. Swift made a follow-up observation and found the source was Terzan 5 X-3 ( ATel #15919 ). This is the second outburst of X-3 after 2012 ( Bahramian et al. 2014). NICER detected two X-ray bursts ( ATel #15922 ). INTEGRAL obtained a hard X-ray spectrum (ATel 15921). ( ATel #15921 ).
Also see Wikipedia for optical image of the Terzan 5.
PS. Follow-up by Chandra observatory was made on March 19. ( ATel #15953 ).
see also an article on Jekyll-Hyde behavior.
X-class falre
news-1357 February 22, 2023 by MiharaThere was a very strong solar flare (X-class) around 20h UT on February 17, 2023. MAXI suffered scattered X-ray in the camera (red and green in the map) and reflected X-ray by the solar paddles (yellow triangles). Many spurious events were detected by the nova search program. OHMAN was temporally stopped to prevent false actions.
XTE J1901+014
news-1356 February 16, 2023 by MiharaOn February 14, MAXI detected a new outburst from XTE J1901+014 in the constellation Aquila ( ATel #15904 ). OHMAN also detected it, but it is close to the sun and the NICER could not observe it. XTE J1901+014 was discovered with RXTE/ASM in 2002 ( ATel #88 ). The light curve is burst-like, similar to a gamma-ray burst, or a supergiant fast X-ray transient. But the spectrum is like a blackhole binary. So, the nature of XTE J1901+014 is still unknown.
Cygnus signal
news-1355 February 9, 2023 by MiharaXTE J2012+381 whose outburst MAXI detected on 2022 Dec. 25, has become bright between Cygnus X-1 and X-3. Three stars appear blue, red, red, like a traffic signal. Cygnus X-1 has turned to the soft state, which appears in red. XTE J2012+381 also in the soft state (red). Cyg X-3 is in the hard state (blue). EXO 2030+375 started a normal outburst in 2023 Feb. Pulsars have a hard spectrum and appear in blue.
Flare from AR Psc
news-1354 February 2, 2023 by MiharaMAXI/GSC detected a flare from AR Psc at 8:54 UT on January 21, 2023. It looked only 100 mCrab, but in reality, the X-ray luminosity of the flare was 100,000 times larger than that of the largest solar flare. This is the fourth detection of the flare with MAXI after 2016 ( ATel #9288 ), 2017, and 2018. It is a RS CVn type star binary of 7th magnitude at 155 lt-yr distance.
GK Per in outburst
news-1353 January 19, 2023 by MiharaMAXI/GSC detected an outburst from the cataclysmic variable GK Persei at 15:24 UT on January 3, 2023 ( ATel #15860 ). Swift/BAT also confirmed the outburst. GK Per is also in the optical outburst ( ATel #15858 ). NICER made a follow-up observation, where detailed spectrum and light curves were obtained. GK Per is a white dwarf binary, which appeared as a nova in 1901. The distance from the Earth is 1400 lt-yr. Recently it repeats dwarf-nova like outbursts. This is the fourth detection of the outburst with MAXI after 2010, 2015, and 2018.
GRB 230111A
news-1352 January 12, 2023 by MiharaMAXI detected a gamma-ray burst GRB 230111A at 19:07:37 UT on 2023 Jan 11 in the constellation microscopium (GCN #33157). The intensity was 230 mCrab. It was also detected by Fermi/GBM (GCN #33156).
BeXBP LS V +44 17 outburst after 12 years
news-1351 January 5, 2023 by MiharaMAXI detected a recurrent X-ray activity from the Be X-ray binary pulsar LS V +44 17 on 2022 December 29 ( ATel #15835 ). The intensity has gone up to 600 mCrab in the hard band (Swift/BAT) on 2023 January 4. It is about the double of the outburst in 2010. NICER observation revealed the pulsation of 204 s clearly ( ATel #15848 ). The star lies in the winter Milky way in the constellation Perseus. The distance from the Earth is 8600 lt-yr.
XTE J2012+381 outburst after 24 years
news-1350 December 27, 2022 by MiharaMAXI detected a 40 mCrab X-ray source in the constellation Cygnus at 21:27 UT on 2022 December 25 ( ATel #15826 ). The position was consistent with XTE J2012+381, which was discovered in 1998 and is considered to be a blackhole binary. Swift confirmed it at 18:38 on December 26 ( ATel #15827 ). XTE J2012 made an outburst after 24 years. NICER detected a blackhole-like spectrum ( ATel #15829 ). The distance to XTE J2012 is 17,000 lt-yr. It locates next to Cyg X-1, but actually twice farther. The X-ray from XTE 2012 is still increasing.
Heaven is quiet
news-1349 December 15, 2022 by MiharaMAXI and OHMAN are functioning all right. There was no nova for over a month. The rotational axis of ISS is towards the galactic center (GC) now. The sun also locates near GC. Therefore, many bright sources near GC cannot be observed.
OHMAN moved in 100s
news-1348 November 24, 2022 by Mihara
OHMAN triggered a rapid X-ray increase from GRO J1008-57 at 2022 November 17 17:23:31 UT.
NICER slewed and was on the target at 100 s later.
It was the quickest record.
GRO J1008-57 is a Be X-ray binary pulsar and now on the outburst.
The double-peaked 93 s pulsation is seen in the NICER light curve.
The rise of a pulse is so rapid and so bright that it triggered OHMAN.
Since it is not in the aim of OHMAN, we rewrote OHMAN catalog to ignore this source.
4U 1210-64
news-1347 November 17, 2022 by MiharaMAXI team member noticed that a faint star had appeared in the constellation Musca on 2022 November 15. The location was consistent with 4U 1210-64. Combining MAXI light curve with RXTE/ASM one, we found on-off changes of the light curve in every 7 years. Moreover, it looks like repeating short flares recently. Although lots of observations were done in the past, and the star is identified to a B-type star (so, the system is high mass X-ray binary) the nature of this source is not fully understood.
EQ Peg
news-1346 November 10, 2022 by MiharaMAXI detected an X-ray flare from EQ Pegasi at 9:12 UT on 2022 November 3, subsequently this year. The first one came on 2022 August 31. Considering the previous MAXI detections were in 2011 and 2018, EQ Peg has become active in 2022. The intensity was 120 mCrab. Since it was not detected in the next scan, the flare duration was less than 90 minutes. EQ Peg is a pair of dMe (dwarf M-type with emission line) stars at 20 lt-yr. Although it is close (the 56th closest star system from the Earth), the visual magnitude is only 10th. One planet of 2.3 jupiter-mass was discovered in 2022, which orbits around EQ Peg-A in 284 day period.
GRB 221017A
news-1345 October 20, 2022 by MiharaMAXI detected a soft gamma-ray burst GRB 221017A in the constellation Cancer at 2022 October 17 05:39:31 UT (GCN #32777). OHMAN detected it. But again, the location was not suitable for NICER observation and NICER could not scan it. Swift could not observe it either, because of the moon light. Then there was a report from Mars-Odyssey, Konus-Wind, and INTEGRAL team that a GRB occurred at 05:29:49, 10 minutes before the MAXI detection (GCN #32787). The location calculated from light-travelling time between Mars and Earth agrees MAXI's position. MAXI's detection was the afterglow of the GRB. 2 days later, Swift observed it and found two sources (GCN #32790).
SGR 1935+2154
news-1344 October 20, 2022 by MiharaMAXI detected a short gamma-ray burst from SGR 1935+2154 in the constellation Vulpecula at 2022 October 14 03:54:39 UT. The burst duration was only 80 ms. OHMAN did not detect it because of a mis-setting of the network hub. However, NICER DID detect the same burst as MAXI's, since NICER was observing the source by chance. It has become active since October 11 (GCN #32675) and many gamma-ray satellites detected repeating short GRBs.
Three GRBs in succession
news-1343 October 13, 2022 by Mihara
MAXI detected three Gamma-ray bursts in succession.
GRB 221006A occurred at October 6 00:57 UT in the constellation Pegasus
(GCN #32626).
CALET/GBM also detected it
(GCN #32674).
The intensity was 900 mCrab. OHMAN did not respond. We restarted OHMAN.
Swift follow-up of 10 hours later detected an afterglow
(GCN #32628,
#32738).
The host galaxy was found with the optical telescope. The redshift was z=0.731
(GCN #32742).
GRB 221008A occurred at October 8 00:53 UT in Cetus with 800 mCrab
(GCN #32630).
OHMAN responded. NICER started a raster scan. After 4 pointings, ISS wend into
high-background region and the scan stopped before detecting any source.
NICER restarted another raster scan around the refined position and probably detected a weak source after 2 hours.
Swift follow-up of 13 hours later did not detect any source.
(GCN #32633).
GRB 221009A occurred at October 9 13:17 UT in Aquila
(GCN #32636,
#32668).
The peak intensity reached 10000 Crab, which is the strongest GRB ever.
MAXI did not detect it because the GRB location was behind the Earth.
The afterglow was also strong.
MAXI and OHMAN detected it at 13:58 UT.
But NICER could not move because the visibility was poor.
The MAXI intensity was 2.5 Crab even after 41 minutes from the GRB
( ATel #15651 ,
GCN #32756).
Many 18 TeV gamma-rays were detected with LHAASO
(GCN #32677).
The redshift of the afterglow was obtained as z=0.151 with VLT
(GCN #32648).
MAXI J0903-531 large outburst
news-1342 October 6, 2022 by MiharaMAXI detected an X-ray increase from MAXI J0903-531 on 2022 September 29. Since the MAXI's discovery on 2021 April 14, it is repeating an outburst in every 60 days. This time it is also on the 10th outburst phase, but the intensity was 40 mCrab, three times higher.
Flare from HR 1099
news-1341 September 29, 2022 by MiharaMAXI detected a flare from HR 1099 in Taurus at 2022 September 26, 21:22:49 UT. It is the 23rd flare detected with MAXI since 2009. The distance to HR 1099 is 97 lt-yr. HR 1099 is so-called "RS CVn type variable", which is a close binary of G(or F)-type main-sequence star and K-type subgiant star. Somehow, this combination of the close binary is active. According to Perdelwitz et al. (2018) , HR 1099 has a "star cycle", similar to the sun's 11-year cycle. The period is 14 - 20 years. The optical (6 magnitude in visual) light curve showed brightness hollows around 1980, 1995, and 2007. It is due to star spots. When dim with many star spots, the star is active. Next active phase may come around 2021 - 2027. Since we do not have enough data to predict it. Continuous observation is needed. Keep watch.
OHMAN caught X-ray burst from M 15
news-1340 September 15, 2022 by MiharaOHMAN triggered an X-ray burst from the globular cluster M 15 on 2022 September 13 12:27:20 UT (=T0). NICER acted automatically, slewed from T0+45s to T0+330s and started the observation of M 15 at 12:32:50 UT. It was 5 min 30 s after the MAXI trigger. Unfortunately it was not a long burst and the burst itself had ended by that time.
Luminous transient NS-LMXB XTE J1701-462 shines again
news-1339 September 8, 2022 by Mihara
MAXI detected a new outburst from XTE J1701-462 on 2022 September 6, since 2006
( ATel #15592 ).
Swift confirmed it
( ATel #15594 ).
It is a luminous transient neutron-star low-mass X-ray binary (NS-LMXB).
It showed both behaviors in the color-color diagram as the luminosity decreased.
That is Z-source type in bright phase, and Atoll-source type in dim phase.
It is almost the first one that showed both types from one source.
In that sense, it is the Rosetta stone in NS-LMXB.
Outburst from the globular cluster M 15
news-1338 September 8, 2022 by Mihara
MAXI detected a new outburst from the globular cluster M15 on 2022 August 26, since 2013
( ATel #15586 ).
There are millions of stars in a globular cluster.
But in M 15 only two X-ray sources, AC 211 and X-2, are bright, almost equally.
Swift confirmed the outburst
( ATel #15589 )
but cannot tell which source is in the outburst.
NICER detected an X-ray burst, indicating the neutron star binary X-2
is in the outburst
( ATel #15593 ).
Chandra observation on September 27 also prefer X-2 ( ATel #15640 ).
M 15 is the most dense, the oldest (12 billions years old),
the most metal-poor (1/100 of the solar abundance) globular cluster.
It is 6th magnitude, and
locates in the constellation Pegasus. The distance from the Earth
is 33600 lt-year.
Complex dim transient 4U 0923-31
news-1337 September 5, 2022 by Mihara
MAXI detected an X-ray increase from 4U 0923-31
on 2022 August 31
( ATel #15583 ).
There was no follow-up observation due to the sun angle.
This is a complex region. Probably some transients exist in this field.
The non-imaging X-ray detector such as UHURU, Ariel, HEAO, EXOSAT,
Tenma, Ginga, RXTE detected one of the sources, but could not
distiguish them. Now it remains in mystery which source they observed.
Blackhole GX 339-4 comes
news-1336 September 1, 2022 by MiharaMAXI detected a new outburst from the balackhole binary GX 339-4 on 2022 August 29, since 2021 ( ATel #15577 ). It was confirmed by Swift ( ATel #15578 ) and radio ( ATel #15580 ) and NICER and NuSTAR ( ATel #15585 )
ms Accreting X-ray Pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658
news-1335 August 25, 2022 by MiharaMAXI detected a new outburst from SAX J1808.4-3658 on 2022 August 19 ( ATel #15563 ). It is the first ms accreting X-ray pulsar discovered in 1996. Since then, it repeats outbursts in every 3-4 years. NICER confirmed the outburst ( ATel #15559 ) and detected 2.5 ms pulsation and 2.0 h orbital motion. The orbital ascending node came 15 s later than the prediction of the previous outburst in 2019. It tells the 2.0 h orbital period has got longer by 1 ms since 2019.
MAXI 13 years
news-1334 August 18, 2022 by MiharaAfter the second sudden shutdown in June, MAXI has been operated with the low-load mode (only GSC mode). Since June 23 it has been functioning normally for about 2 months.
Meanwhile, MAXI detected a peculiar GRB 220706A and the summer-of-even-year outburst from XTE J1829-098, this summer again, on 2022 August 1.
Start of possible Mega outburst of 4U 1630-472
news-1333 August 4, 2022 by MiharaMAXI found a start of an outburst from the blackhole binary 4U 1630-472 on 2022 July 28. It repeats outburst in 400-600 days. The first detection was in 1969 by Vela 5B satellite. 4U 1630-472 is known for such a long time, has the shortest recurrent time as a blackhole binary, and therefore it is one of the best studied backhole binary. The blackhole mass is about 10 solar mass, the distance is about 33000 lt-yr. The 10000 days (27 years) of RXTE/ASM - MAXI light curve shows us a habit. There are two kinds of outbursts; normal lasting for 100 days and mega for 2 years. After 4-5 normal, a mega comes. Especially, the last normal outburst just before the mega is split into two close outbursts. The one just before today's outburst was also split. Today's outburst may be the start of the next mega outburst.
Electrons hit solar paddle behind
news-1332 July 28, 2022 by MiharaAt around 2022/07/21 19:13 UT MAXI detected many electrons from the forward right direction. MAXI X-ray detector can sense low-energy electrons, too. In the sky plot it appears in white, which means the electron energy is widely spread from the low (2 keV, red) to the high (20 keV, blue) energies. But, the color in the lower part was green (4 - 10 keV). This part was shadowed by the solar paddle. The spectrum consisted of copper fluorescent line (8 keV). The electron from the right was stopped by the paddle (Si, Cu, O, Ti? ,,,). Then the fluorescent X-ray was emitted from the paddle. The copper K X-ray penetrated the thin solar cell and reached MAXI.
Outburst of 4U 1608-52
news-1331 July 21, 2022 by MiharaMAXI detected an X-ray outburst from 4U 1608-52 on 2022 July 11 in the southern constellation Norma. It is a contact binary of a neutron star and a low-mass star. The gas from the low-mass star accretes towards the neutron star and forms a accretion disk around it. Since the disk is bi-stable, the gas falls intermittently onto the neutron star. It causes outbursts in about every year. MAXI light curves shows a large outburst every about three years, and two-or-three smaller ones in between.
Pecurier GRB 220706A
news-1330 July 14, 2022 by Mihara
MAXI detected a bright X-ray
source at 17:33:25 UT on 2022 July 6 in the constellation Cetus
(GCN #32337)
(blue in figure).
The position was consistent with the GRB 220706A, which was detected by Swift/BAT,
but at 5051 s before
(GCN #32329).
It was also detected in the next MAXI scan at 10 minutes later.
The spectrum taken with NICER was unusual for a GRB
( ATel #15507 ).
The light curve (black in figure) is very similar to the LMXB Swift J0840.7-3516 (red)
in the point of a bright peak at about an hour later and sharp drop after it.
MAXI J0655-013 was an X-ray pulsar
news-1329 July 4, 2022 by Mihara
MAXI data processor hang-up on 2022 June 21 again.
MAXI recovered on 2022 June 23. But this time
SSC is power-off for the light loads to the power module and CPU.
The MAXI nova which was discovered on June 18 was successfully observed with NuSTAR.
The 1130 s pulsation was found
( ATel #15495 ).
The 1 day variation was a fake. It was produced by
the beat of the 1130 s pulsation and the MAXI scan period (5577 s).
MAXI J0655-013 was discovered
news-1328 June 25, 2022 by MiharaMAXI discovered a new X-ray source MAXI J0655-013 at 10:23 UT on 2022 June 18 in the constellation Monoceros ( ATel #15442 ). The intensity was 61 mCrab. Swift/BAT also triggered it at 20:26 on June 18 ( ATel #15443 ). Monoceros is in winter milky way. MAXI J0655-013 locates on the Galactic plane, but towards the outer direction of the Galaxy. The X-ray spectrum is a power-law with the index of 0.89, which is shaped like the X-ray binary pulsars. The X-ray intensity in June 17-21 looked like changing periodically with 0.98 days ( ATel #15453 ). Then, unfortunately, MAXI stopped because of the data processor hang up at June 21. Swift/XRT and NICER cannot observe it due to the sun constraint. Instead, Nu-STAR observed it on June 22.
XTE J1709-267 outburst
news-1327 June 16, 2022 by MiharaMAXI detected an outburst from XTE J1709-267 (RX J170930.2-263927) on 2022 June 8. It is a neutron star - Low mass X-ray binary in the globular cluster NGC 6293 in the constellation Ophiuchus. The distance from the Earth is about 30000 lt-yr. The discovery of the outburst was in 1997. The outburst lasts for about 100 days. The peak flux is about 100-200 mCrab. Since then XTE J1709-267 made outbursts in 2002, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2016, 2017, 2020, and 2022 (this time). (MAXI detection is the last 7 times). So it repeats an outburst in every 2-3 years. The repetition is caused by the instability of the accretion disk.
MAXI J1816-195 discovered
news-1326 June 9, 2022 by Mihara, Orbital added June 14
MAXI data processor hang-up on 2022 June 3 for the first time in the 13 years.
We made a recovery operation on June 7.
Just after the restart,
MAXI team discovered an X-ray nova MAXI J1816-195 in the constellation Sagittarius
( ATel #15418 ).
The intensity was 100 mCrab.
Upon this, NICER made a raster scan from 14:32, and
Swift made a follow-up from 15:56.
Swift confirmed it a new source with the 3 arcsecond accuracy
( ATel #15421 ).
NICER discovered a 1.9 ms pulsation and detected an X-ray burst
( ATel #15425 ).
Thus, MAXI J1816-195 turned out to be a neutron star binary (accreting ms pulsar).
The orbit was determined by NICER's monotoring of the pulse period.
The orbital period is 4.8h.
( ATel #15431 ).
OHMAN started
news-1325 June 2, 2022 by Mihara, ID corrected June 14
On 2022 May 26 OHMAN (On-orbit Hook-up of MAXI and NICER, also known as Orbiting High-energy Monitor Alert Network)
passed the initial test and started the operation.
The OHMAN laptop PC on Express Rack in JEM receives the MAXI ethernet data
and analyses it to find a nova by comparing the current X-ray intensity with those
in the previous scans which is typically 90 minutes ago and before.
When a nova is found, a program checks the visibility of the nova for NICER.
If the nova is observable from NICER, OHMAN-PC sends out information to NICER.
If the OHMAN action in NICER is set active, NICER moves the telescope to the nova.
If it is a new source, NICER makes multi-pointings around the MAXI position to find a more accurate position.
OHMAN action has been set active since May 26.
On May 28 there was an alert of a new source from OHMAN-PC.
NICER started scan about 3 minutes later.
However, no source was found. It was a tail of Sco X-1.
Sco X-1 is so strong that the image is spread out,
and so variable. OHMAN thought that there was a new star in the outer part of
Sco X-1 image. Of course, there was no new star.
OHMAN is running and waiting for an appearance of a real X-ray nova.
Short Gamma-ray burst from SGR 1935+2154 and X-ray burst from GS1826-238
news-1324 May 26, 2022 by Mihara
MAXI detected a short gamma-ray burst from SGR 1935+2154
at 2022 May 23 18:36:29 UT.
The burst lasted only for less than 1 s.
The intensity was more than 30 Crab.
MAXI Flash Report Click "Link to LC" in scan No.2.
MAXI detected an X-ray burst from GS 1826-238
at 2022 May 19 04:43:34 UT.
The burst lated more than 50 s, and the intensity was 0.5 Crab.
MAXI Flash Report See the thumbnail image of scan No.16.
GRB 220514B
news-1323 May 19, 2022 by MiharaMAXI detected a gamma-ray burst GRB 220514B with 140 mCrab at 23:24:21 UT (=T0) on 2022 May 14 in the constellation Draco (GCN #32046). Konus/wind also detected it from T0-26 s to T0+74 s (GCN #32056). Swift observed it in 15 hour later and did detect any source. The upper limit was 0.05 mCrab (GCN #32053). It was so late that non-detection is reasonable according to the regular GRB decaying light curve. Draco is an unfamiliar constellation in the MAXI news. It is 41 degree above the galactic plane. A galactic transient would not appear in such a high latitude. On the other hand, GRB appears uniformly in the sky.
GRB 220506A / MAXI J1558-266
news-1322 May 17, 2022 by MiharaMAXI detected a new X-ray source at 06:28:15 UT on 2022 May 6 in the constellation Scorpius. We reported it as GRB 220506A / MAXI J1558-266 (GCN #32001, ATel #15365 ). The intensity was 100 mCrab (4.0-10.0 keV). There was no flux (less than 20 mCrab) in the previous and the next MAXI scan. Swift's follow-up observation of 11 h later found a faint X-ray source (GCN #32006). There is no optical counterpart at the position (GCN #32008, #32012, #32014). A look-back analysis of Konus-Wind revealed a gamma-ray burst, which occurred 100 s before the MAXI detection (GCN #32057). Therefore the MAXI's source was a tail of the GRB emission or the afterglow, and Swift's source would be the afterglow.
Transient near Galactic center : SAX J1747.0-2853
news-1321 April 27, 2022 by MiharaMAXI team noticed that the X-ray flux from the galactic center region had been increasing since 2022 April 19 ( ATel #15346 ). The flux had reached 150 mCrab. The MAXI error region contains two known sources, SAX J1747.0-2853 and 1E1743.1-2843. Moreover there was a possibility that the MAXI source might be a new source. Swift made a follow-up observation and clarified that SAX J1747.0-2853 had become brighter ( ATel #15347 ). An outburst from SAX J1747 was once detected with MAXI in 2011 ( ATel #3123 , #3163 ).
X-class flare and Space-X
news-1320 April 21, 2022 by MiharaThe count rate of MAXI/GSC camera 4 increased by 4 times aroud 2022 April 17 3:35 UT. It was from the ISS solar paddle which came into the field of view. An X-class solar flare occurred and the X-ray is reflected by the solar paddle. The red color means reflected solar X-ray and Si K line (1.7 keV). Meanwhile, GSC camera 5 have an X-ray reflection near the right end. This appeared in green. It seems to be a reflection at the solar panel on the space-X dragon. The X-ray spectrum contains Si K (1.7 keV), Sn L (3.5 keV), Cr K (5.4 keV) and Cu K (8.0 keV). Si is solar cell itself and Sn and Cu would be solder and circuit. Peak at 5.4 keV might be a mixture of Cr and Fe from stainless steel.
OHMAN is starting
news-1319 April 14, 2022 by MiharaOHMAN (On-orbit Hookup of MAXI and NICER) is starting. On April 8, OHMAN-PC was activated and it began reading MAXI data. The novasearch program receives MAXI data and seeks for an X-ray nova. The results are stored in a log file. We downloaded it and checked the output. The function of novasearch is normal.
Be X-ray binary IGR J06074+2205 after 19 years
news-1318 March 24, 2022 by MiharaMAXI found an X-ray source of 20 mCrab in the constellation Gemini at 2022 March 23 07:16 UT ( ATel #15294 ). The location is consistent with IGR J06074+2205, a Be X-ray binary ( ATel #682 ). It was discovered in 2003 and dimmed out ( ATel #223 ). MAXI's outburst detection is the first time since then.
GRB 220310A in Leo
news-1317 March 17, 2022 by MiharaMAXI detected a sudden X-ray increase in the constellation Leo at 2022-03-10 00:27:57 UT (GCN #31725). It was GRB 220310A. "On-going alert" is sent out to the GCN and the registered astronomers in 15 s later automatically. The CALET light curve showed MAXI triggered the very beginning of GRB 220310A (GCN #31730). MASTER Robotic telescope on ground found an optical transient (OT) of 15 magnitude in 30 minutes later (GCN #31732). The time-difference analysis between Konus-Wind in sun-earth L1 point and Mars Odyssey in Mars orbit indicated the position of the OT (GCN #31756). Swift made a follow-up observation in the MAXI central region at 10 h later and there was no X-ray counterpart (GCN #31731). But it was because the OT position is near the edge of the MAXI error region and out of Swift fields of view.
Dust echo of MAXI J1421-613
news-1316 March 3, 2022 by MiharaAn X-ray ring around MAXI J1421-613 was reported in Astronomical society meeting of Japan on March 2. MAXI J1421-613 appeared on 2014 Jan 9 ( ATel #5750 ). Suzaku made a follow-up observation on 2014 Jan 31 - Feb 3. It was so late that MAXI J1421 had dimmed out and was not detected. But instead, an X-ray ring appeared around it with a radius of about 0.1 degrees. Nobukawa et al. (2020) reported that it is a dust echo of the X-ray from MAXI J1421. The dust plane (CO cloud) was in between MAXI J1421 and the earth. The scattered X-ray traced a little longer path and reached the earth 3 weeks later. This geometry gives the distance to MAXI J1421 to be 9000 lt-yr.
AMON 220220A non-detection
news-1315 Febuary 24, 2022 by MiharaMAXI reported non-detection of X-ray from AMON 220220A on 2022 Feb 20. AMON stands for Astrophysical Multimessenger Observatory Network. This event was a coincidence of HAWC (High Altitude Water Cherenkov gamma-ray observatory) in Mexico and IceCube neutrino detector in antarctica (GCN #31615). The event was toward the constellation Bootes with an accuracy of about 0.5 deg. There was no X-ray from this direction during this event (Feb 20 08:08 - 14:19 UT).
EXO 2030+375 got bright again
news-1314 Febuary 18, 2022 by MiharaThe Be X-ray binary EXO 2030+375 is brightening up at 100 mCrab ( ATel #15228 ).
MAXI J1910-057 rebrightened
news-1313 Febuary 10, 2022 by MiharaMAXI detected a reappearance of the black hole candidate MAXI J1910-057 in the constellation Aquila on 2022 February 4 ( ATel #15214 ). The X-ray flux reached 17 mCrab on February 5. The source was discovered by MAXI and Swift on 2012 May 31 ( ATel #4139 , #4140 ). The X-ray outburst continued until 2013 January 26 (Nakahira et al. 2014). The outburst of this time is 9 years since the disappearance.
MAXI J0709-159 was identified to Be star LY CMa
news-1312 Febuary 3, 2022 by Mihara
Quest for MAXI J0709-159 continued.
NuSTAR's X-ray telescope identified MAXI J0709-159 as a 9-magnitude Be star
LY CMa
( ATel #15193 ).
The name means the 196th
variable star in the constellation Canis Major.
The distance is 21000 lt-yr with GAIA.
It's on the outer arm of our galaxy.
Contrary to everyone's thoughts, MAXI J0709-159 had flared up again in the third MAXI scan.
The behavior and the flux are typical for a Supergiant Fast X-ray Transient (SFXT).
LY CMa is surely a supergiant.
Sudden X-ray brightening after tens of years is commonly seen in the Be X-ray binary (BeXRB).
LY CMa is also a B1e star.
An optical follow-up detected a much stronger H alpha emission line than
before
( ATel #15194 ).
It means the Be star is active (has a bigger steller disk).
Since LY CMa is a supergiant Be star,
MAXI J0709 is considered to have both attributes of SFXT and BeXRB.
New MAXI nova, MAXI J0709-159
news-1311 January 27, 2022 by Mihara
MAXI discovered an X-ray nova MAXI J0709-159
at 10:42 UT on 2022 January 25 in the constellation Canis Major
( ATel #15178 ).
The intensity was 270 mCrab. It was far above the upper limit 20 mCrab in the previous scan.
MAXI did not detect it in the next scan at 12:15.
But detected it again in the 3rd scan at 13:48 at 100 mCrab.
There was no detection after it.
NICER made multi-poinitings in 3 hours later and confirmed the new source
at 10 mCrab at 13:54
( ATel #15181 ).
It was only 6 minutes after the MAXI 3rd scan by chance.
MAXI J0709 had dimmed from 100 mCrab to 10 mCrab in 6 minutes.
Intermediate Polar EX Hya flares up
news-1310 January 20, 2022 by Mihara
MAXI detected an flux increase at 30 mCrab from EX Hya
at January 15 06:18 UT.
It is the brightest white dwarf (WD) binary.
It usually shines at 10 mCrab and sometimes flares up.
The surface magnetic fields is strong, more than 1000 Tesla (10^7 Gauss).
The spin period of the WD is 1.1 hour.
The orbital period of the binary is 1.6 hour.
Since they are not synchronized, EX Hya is categorized as the Intermediate Polar.
The distance from the Earth is 210 light-year.
Blazer Mrk 501 is outburting
news-1309 January 6, 2022 by Mihara
MAXI detected a gradual flux increase from Mrk 501.
It is an elliptical galaxy in Hercules located at 456 million lt-yr away.
The central core is very bright and variable, and is categorized as BL Lac object, or more widely, Blazer.
Swift/XRT is monitoring Mrk 501 and reported the increase
( ATel #15059 ).
Optical flux increased as well by 40 %
( ATel #15134 ).
MAXI light curve shows two outbursts in 2012 and 2014, and the flux rise since 2019.
Soft Gamma-ray burst GRB 211225A
news-1308 December 28, 2021 by MiharaMAXI detected a gamma-ray burst GRB 211225A in the constellation Hydra at 03:22 UT on 2021 December 25 (GCN #31303). The intensity was 200 mCrab. There was no flux in the previous nor the next MAXI scan. The spectrum was soft, and probably therefore, Swift/BAT did not detect it. Such a soft X-ray transient is a suitable target for OHMAN.
X-ray flare from the flare star AU Mic
news-1307 December 23, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI detected a flare from AU Mic at 2021/12/15 22:48 UT with an intensity of
430 mCrab
( ATel #15139 ).
AU Mic is a "hot topic" flare star of 8th magnitude. It is very close (32 lt-yr), very young (24 million years old),
still wears a dust disk (discovered in 2003) where planets were born,
and has two planets (a Neptune size and an Earth size, just discovered in 2020 with TESS).
The planets orbit around AU Mic in 8 and 18 days, respectively.
AU Mic itself is a small star (80% of the sun size, M-type pre-main sequence)
rotating fast in only 4.8 day. It would have two large sun spots on the surface.
The star is vary active and causes flares frequently.
The MAXI's X-ray flare was very large, 10^25 W, which is 1/10 of the whole
emitting energy of the sun.
The flare typically lasts for some thousands of seconds.
Two X-ray pulsars outbursting around Aquila
news-1306 December 16, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI detected a new outburst from 4U 1907+09 in Aquila on 2021 Nov 27 at 150 mCrab.
It is an X-ray binary pulsar with the spin period of 438 s.
Also MAXI detected a new outburst from XTE J1829-098 in Scutum (south neighbor of Aquila) on 2021 Dec 13 at 50 mCrab.
It is also an X-ray binary pulsar of 7.8 s.
Both pulsars locate on the Galactic plane (galactic latitude is 0.5 deg and 0.3 deg, respectively) and both pulsars have a high-mass companion star (O-type supergiant, and B-type star, respectively).
The companion star of XTE J1829-098 has not yet identified, but would be a Be star as MAXI has reported periodical activities probably due to the orbital motion.
The activity of XTE J1829-098 were also reported on
MAXI news #1261 2020 Aug 13 and
MAXI news #1284 2021 Apr 16.
Stars are born on the Galactic plane. High-mass stars are young and have not traveled so much. They are on the plane.
The pulsar in 4U 1907+09 would still maintain a strong magnetic fields, and the spin would have slowed down to 438 s.
Both 4U 1907+09 and XTE J1829-098 pulsars are on the Galactic plane. Both
have a high-mass companion, and "just born". Other X-ray binaries in the figure (Ser X-1, H 1822-000, 4U 1957+115, Aql X-1) have a low-mass companion and not on the Galactic plane.
Long X-ray burst again from 4U 1820-30
news-1305 December 2, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI detected a long X-Ray Burst at 2021 November 25 23:24 UT from 4U 1820-30
( ATel #15071 ).
The intensity was 1.1 Crab.
In the next scan, the intensity was 0.4 Crab and the burst was still lasting.
The e-folding decay time is 1.1 hour, indicating a long burst.
MAXI had just reported a long burst from this source in August, 2021
( ATel #14871 ).
It is in the globular cluster
NGC 6624
in the constellation Sagittarius.
The globular cluster is an old system born in the early age of the universe.
Heavier stars than the sun have already burnt out and have become a neutron star (NS) or a white dwarf (WD).
Many WD are seen in the globular cluster with the Hubble telescope.
Also, there are 6 radio pulsars (NS) and one X-ray binary 4U 1820-30 (NS-WD binary) in NGC 6624
( Revnivtsev et al. 2002 ).
GRB 211115A and OHMAN test-running
news-1304 November 25, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI detected a Gamma-Ray Burst at 2021 November 15 16:31:19 UT in the constellation Puppis
(GCN #31082).
The GRB 211115A lasted only 12 s (figure).
The intensity was 330 mCrab.
CALET/GBM and Fermi/GBM also detected it.
OHMAN (MAXI-NICER) is in the running-test on ground for two months.
It also detected the GRB and issued an on-going alert.
GRB 211115A detected by MAXI.
S and E note the start and end time when the source is in the MAXI field of view. Taken from
MAXI Flash Report of GRB 211115A. Click 16: link to LC.
Outburst from NGC 6440
news-1303 November 18, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI detected X-ray
in the constellation Sagittarius on 2021 November 13 13:31 UT
( ATel #15033 ).
There lies a globular cluster NGC 6440. The distance form the earth is 28,000 lt-yr,
which is almost as far as the galactic center.
MAXI has detected outbursts from NGC 6440
twice, in December 2009 and February 2015.
There are two bright X-ray binaries in this globular cluster,
SAX J1748.9-2021 and NGC 6440 X-2.
Pooley et al. (2002) shows Chandra image taken in 2000 (figure).
Both are milli-second pulsars.
The spin periods are
2.2 ms (Altamirano et al. 2008)
and
4.9 ms (Altamirano et al. 2010),
respectively.
The MAXI's twice outbursts were from SAX J1748,
The star this time may be SAX J1748 again, NGC 6440 X-2 in stead, or another new star.
Since the sun is close to NGC 6440 now, Swift and NICER cannot observe it until 2022 Feb.
NuSTAR is the only X-ray telescope that can observe it.
Although the image resolution of NuSTAR is not enough to separate the stars in the globular cluster, it
can tell which star is the MAXI's outburst by detecting the pulsation.
We asked for NuSTAR observation and it was approved.
NuSTAR detected 2.2 ms pulsation and confirmed it SAX J1748
( ATel #15048 ,
ATel #15095 ).
Chandra image of NGC 6440. (Pooley et al. 2002, Fig.1).
24 sources are detected.
They are concentlated within 30 arcsec (4 lt-yr) in diameter.
1 is SAX J1748.9-2021
and 2 is NGC 6440 X-2.
Which star is the MAXI's outburst ?
MAXI J1735-272 quickly faded
news-1302 October 21, 2021 by MiharaMAXI found a faint X-ray transient source at 06:22 UT on 2021 October 17 in the constellation Ophiuchus ( ATel #14979 ). The intensity was 30 mCrab. As it was apart from any known sources, we named it MAXI J1735-272. The source was not detected in the next MAXI scan. Follow-up searches were made by NICER, Swift (10 h later, ATel #14983 ) and INTEGRAL (5-17h later, ATel #14985 ), but any source was detected. The source may have disappeared quickly. Such an event is a target of OHMAN.
Short burst from SGR 1935+2154
news-1301 October 7, 2021 by MiharaMAXI detected a short burst from SGR 1935+2154 on 2021 October 7 11:57UT. The intensity was 60 Crab (200 Crab was a miscalculation), but lasted only for 0.2 s. It is in the constellation Vulpecula again ( after previous MAXI news #1300). It is considered to be a neutron star with a very strong magnetic field (some 10^14 Gauss at surface). The burst is caused by an abrupt energy release of the magnetic fields. SGR 1935 is famous for the first identified galactic Fast Radio Burst, FRB 200428 in 2020 ( Bochenek et al. 2020). Also MAXI news #1251. The distance to SGR 1935 is about 30,000 lt-yr.
XTE J1946+274 makes Cygnus more lively
news-1300 September 30, 2021 by MiharaMAXI found an appearance of XTE J1946+274 in the constellation Vulpecula on 2021-09-23 ( ATel #14936 ). The flux was 66 mCrab and is increasing. It is a binary of a Be star and a 15 second pulsar. The orbit is eccentric and the period is 172.7 day. The pulsar will pass the periastron on September 29. However, the pulsar does not always emits X-ray at periastron. This is the fourth detection of an outburst since its discovery in 1998. Cygnus has got more lively.
Cygnus has changed to lively
news-1299 September 16, 2021 by MiharaThere are three bright persistent sources in Cygnus. Cyg X-1 (BH), Cyg X-2 (LMXB) and Cyg X-3 (BH). But now, Be X-ray binary pulsar EXO 2030+375 which appeared in July is at the peak of the giant outburst. It is shining as the forth bright star in Cygnus. Additionally the white dwarf SS Cyg is staying in its maximum brightness. Two more pulsars Be pulsar GRO 2058+42 and long-period pulsar 4U 1954+319 appeared.
GRB 140814A was the first merger-triggered core-collapse supernova
news-1298 September 9, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI detected a 15s-lasting bright soft burst in 2014,
and named it GRB 140814A
(GCN #16686).
Swift follow-up was undetection, and the nature was left unknown.
We include the source in MAXI Unidentified Short Soft Transient (MUSST).
In the
Science issue on 2021 Sep.3,
Dong et al. reported that GRB 140814A was the first merger triggered
super nova (and GRB).
They found a very luminous source VLASS J121001+495647
in the VLA sky survey made in 2017.
It lies in a small galaxy at 480 million lt-yr in Ursa Major.
The location coincides with GRB 140814A.
They understand it as
a blackhole or a neutron star went into the companion star,
spiraled-in for 300 years, finally merged with the stellar core and
ended up as a super nova and GRB.
We have noticed MUSST a possible new kind of object, and GRB 140814A was it in fact.
The object that a neutron star goes into the companion star is called Thorne-Zytkow ojbject. GRB 140814A was such a object.
Long X-ray burst of 4U 1820-30, every 10 years ?
news-1297 August 26, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI detected a bright X-ray burst from 4U 1820-30 at 11:27 UT on 2021 August 23
( ATel #14871 ).
It is a low-mass X-ray binary in the globular cluster
NGC 6624
in Sagittarius.
The burst flux was 1.8 Crab, and it decayed to 0.49 Crab in the next MAXI scan at 13:01.
In the third scan at 14:34 it had gone back to the usual level of 0.2 Crab (figure).
The burst spectrum was shaped as a blackbody with a temperature of 24 million degree K.
Considering the distance of 25000 lt-yr, the X-ray luminosity was 2.8 x 10^31 W,
which is 74 % of the Eddington luminosity of the He accretion.
Such a long X-ray burst from 4U 1820-30 was first observed in 1999 (
Strohmayer & Brown 2002
),
and the second one was in 2010
( ATel #3625 ).
It is a rare phenomenon.
MAXI detection suggests that it might occur in every 10 years.
4U 1820-30 has a short orbital period (11 minutes).
The binary separation is only 120,000 km (1/3 of earth-moon distance).
The companion star is considered to be a white dwarf.
The rapid binary rotation emits gravitational wave radiation.
A calculation tells that the two stars are getting closer by 0.4 m/day.
That is, the two stars will collide after 1 million years.
RS Ophiuchus eruption after 15 years
news-1296 August 12, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI detected an X-ray emergence from the recurrent nova RS Oph
at 2021 Aug. 10 18:28 UT
( ATel #14846 ).
The intensity was 36 mCrab.
By looking back the data, the brightening had started around Aug. 9 12h UT.
Even half a day before it, an optical amateur astronomer had reported the optical brightening
of Aug. 8 22h UT
(
vsnet-alert 26131 )
at 5 magnitude with 10cm binoculars and digital camera.
(It is usually 10 mag.)
Surprisingly, almost at the same time, Fermi/LAT had detected GeV gamma-ray at Aug. 8 18-24 UT
( ATel #14834 ).
Optical spectroscopy by Seimei telescope in Okayama Observatory shows the ejecta is expanding
at the high speed of 2600 km/s at Aug. 9 10 UT
( ATel #14838 ).
So it is a nova explosion.
Swift and NICER and radio observatory followed
( ATel #14848 ,
#14849 ,
#14850 ).
The last nova from RS Oph was in 2006
( O'Brien et al. 2006 ).
Current one is several times bigger than that.
Recurrent nova is a white dwarf binary and repeats nova in some tens of years.
RS Oph is a bright and famous one.
EXO 2030+375 giant outburst after 15 years
news-1295 July 29, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI detected the onset of a possible giant outburst from Be/X-ray binary pulsar
EXO 2030+375 in Cygnus on 2021 July 20
( ATel #14809 ).
The last giant outburst was in 2006.
EXO 2030+375 made the orbital phase shift of the normal outburst in 2016
( Laplace et al. 2017 ).
Since then it has been showing the normal outburst
at every periastron passage of 46 days orbit.
However, after the last periastron passage, the flux stayed high at 20 mCrab.
And then, the flux started to increase with the rate of 10 mCrab/day on July 20.
The light curve traces remarkably well the previous giant outburst in 2006 (figure).
If it grows up to a giant outburst, it will be the first one for MAXI.
The peak will be about 800 mCrab around September 17.
GRS 1915+105 and absorption lines with NICER
news-1294 July 21, 2021 by MiharaMAXI detected a flux increase from the black hole GRS 1915+105 on July 9, 2021. It dimmed in 2018 after 26 years of activity ( ATel #11828 ). Upon the MAXI GCN alert, NICER pointed GRS 1915+105 ( ATel #14792 ). GRS 1915 showed a transition from ~25 cts/s to 250 cts/s. The spectra, linked from the ATel, are remarkable to have over a dozen strong absorption lines from Si, S, Ar, Ca, Fe, and Ni, as well as an Fe emission line.
GRB 210709B / MAXI J1849-237 or Ross 154
news-1293 July 15, 2021 by MiharaMAXI detected an X-ray of 110 mCrab in the constellation Sagittarius at 22:12 UT on 2021 July 9 ( ATel #14772 ). There was no flux in the scans 1.5h before and 3h after. We reported the source as either a gamma-ray burst or a new star, GRB 210709B / MAXI J1849-237. Actually there are many stars in the error box. Ross 154 is a famous one of them. It is the 7th closest star system at only 10 light-year away. It is a single small red star with 10th visual magnitude. But, it is known as a flare star. If the MAXI event (0.1 counts/s/cm2) came from Ross 154, the X-ray luminosity would be 3 x 10^23 W, which is 100 times stronger than the usual X-ray intensity. However, it is possible, as such a strong X-ray flare was once observed with Chandra in 2002 ( Wargelin et al. 2008 ). It lasted for about 1000s. It is consistent with the MAXI detection of only one scan.
MAXI J0903-531 redetection suggesting orbital period 57 day
news-1292 July 1, 2021 by Mihara
On 2021 June 22, MAXI detected X-ray (10 mCrab) again from MAXI J0903-531.
It is a Be X-ray binary pulsar which was discovered with MAXI on
2021 April 14
( ATel #14555 ).
It had been shining at 10 mCrab for about 10 days in April and then went
out below the MAXI detection.
The reappearance in June was also reported from
Fermi/GBM and Swift/BAT
( ATel #14730 ).
Look-back analysis of Fermi/GBM detected positive fluxes
around 2020 Dec 22 and 2021 Feb 12.
Then MAXI J0903-531 repeats an outburst every about 57 days.
It is a typical value for an orbital period of a Be binary.
Monitoring is important to understand the new system.
A 0535+262 started an outburst while sun protection
news-1291 June 24, 2021 by Mihara
Since the sun is a very bright X-ray emitter (~1000 Crab in quiescence),
we shutdown MAXI detectors for protection in closer than 5 degrees from it.
The sun is in the Taurus in June, and
the Be/X-ray binary pulsar A 0535+262, located just next to the Crab nebula
in the Taurus, was not observable from June 10 to 19, 2021.
There was no emission (<20 mCrab) on June 9. In fact it had been off
for 200 days.
However, when the pulsar came out from the protection region on June 20,
it had brightened up to 380 mCrab
( ATel #14173 ).
(figure)
The Be/X-ray binary pulsar occurs an outburst at the periastron passage
of the binary orbit, but not always.
It does only when the activity of the Be star is high and much gas is expelled.
The orbital period of A 0535+262 binary is 111.07 days.
4U1543-47, brightest 10 Crab X-ray nova
news-1290 June 17, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI found a bright star in the constellation Lupus (wolf) at 12:00 on June 11, 2021
( ATel #14701 ).
The position was consistent with the black hole binary 4U 1543-47.
The X-ray flux rapidly rose up and reached about 10 Crab on June 14.
It has become the brightest X-ray nova that MAXI ever detected in 11 years.
X-ray luminosity reached in fact the maximum one that an X-ray source can emit,
so-called the Eddington luminosity
( ATel #14708 ).
Previous outbursts were in 1971, 1983, 1992, and 2002.
Thus 4U 1543 usually makes an outburst in every 10 years, but the one in 2012 was absent.
The flux was usually 3 - 5 Crab at peak, but this time it is doubled to 10 Crab.
The X-ray spectrum is that from an accretion disk around the black hole.
The temperature of the innermost part is 1 keV, = 10 million K.
The inner radius of the accretion disk is 75 km, suggesting a cavity around the
black hole.
4U1730-22 came again after 49 years
news-1289 June 10, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI detected a new X-ray star with 59 mCrab in constellation Ophiuchus
at 19:43 UT on 2021 June 7 (figure)
( ATel #14683 ).
Either in
the previous nor in the next MAXI scan it was not detected (<20 mCrab).
Swift made follow-up observations at 8:53 UT and 23:16 UT on June 8 and identified the source as 4U 1730-22 and CXOU J173357.5-220156
( ATel #14688 ).
4U 1730-22 was discovered in 1972. The outburst lasted for 200 days and the peak flux was 120 mCrab.
CXOU J1733 was a faint (0.3 mCrab) star in the error box of 4U 1730 detected with Chandra in 2004. The nature is a neutron star
( Tomsick et al. 2007 ).
MAXI detected an outburst from 4U 1730-22 after 49 years, for the first time since 1972.
4U 1705-32 first time with MAXI
news-1288 June 3, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI detected a new X-ray source in the constellation Scorpius on May 25, 2021,
with 25 mCrab intensity
( ATel #14663 ).
NICER confirmed the source was 4U 1705-32 with 4 mCrab
( ATel #14669 ).
It was the first detection with MAXI in the 11 years. The upper
limit of the period was < 1 mCrab.
Looking back MAXI data in the long term, 4U 1705-32 had brightened to 2 mCrab
in December 2020.
On May 24, 2021, the X-ray flux suddenly increased to 20 mCrab.
However, the flux dropped on May 25, and even below the MAXI detection limit
(5 mCrab) on May 28
( ATel #14670 ).
The intensity of 25 mCrab was the brightest since the discovery with UHURU in 1971.
An X-ray burst was detected by Beppo-SAX in 2000 implying the nature is
a neutron star (1RXS J170854.4-321857,
in't Zand et al. 2005 ).
NS-LMXB SAX J1810.8-2609 in Outburst
news-1287 May 27, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI detected a new X-ray outburst from the neutron-star low-mass X-ray binary
SAX J1810.8-2609 in the constellation Sagittarius on 2021 May 13
( ATel #14649 ).
The X-ray flux was about 40 mCrab and increasing slowly.
This is the fourth outburst from SAX J1810.8-2609 detected by MAXI.
The first one was 2012 May 12, the second one on 2015 Jan 20, and the third
one on 2018 Apr 27
( ATel #11593 ).
However, the current outburst looks quite different with previous ones.
The outburst is lasting long, emitting hard X-ray (Swift/BAT),
and radio
( ATel #14659 ).
Discovery of MAXI J1803-298, a black hole binary
news-1286 May 6, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI discovered an X-ray nova (about 50 mCrab) on 2021 May 1 19:50 UT
at the "bow and arrow" of the constellation Sagittarius
( ATel #14587 ).
NICER performed multi-pointing observations at May 2 03:36 after seeing off
Crew-1 departure from ISS,
and identified a new source within the MAXI error circle
( ATel #14588 ).
The source kept brightening, and
the BAT, XRT and UVOT onboard Swift automatically detected the source on May 2 17:39
( ATel #14591 ).
Almost at the same time 17:56, the followup optical observation with MITSuME
at Okayama observatory detected a
15 magnitude star in R (red) and I (infrared) bands
( ATel #14594 ).
Southern African Large Telescope obtained the optical spectrum from May 2 22:56
( ATel #14597 )
with
Bowen fluorescence emission lines,
Hα P Cyg-like emission line and
Hβ double-peaked emission line.
Those suggest a central UV light source ionizing the surrounding gas,
outflow of the surrounding gas, and a rapidly (800 km/s) rotating accretion disk,
respectively.
It is the spectrum of the low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXB).
INTEGRAL showed the spectrum extending to a hard X-ray (100-200 keV)
( ATel #14598 ).
NICER's detailed observation showed a spectrum of a 0.3 keV disk blackbody
and 0.2Hz QPO, suggesting a black hole binary
( ATel #14602 ).
It is the 31st nova that MAXI discovered and
probably the 14th black hole.
Discovery of MAXI J0903-531, a Be binary pulsar
news-1285 April 20, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI found a new X-ray source at 04:33 UT on 2021 April 14
in the constellation Vela
( ATel #14555 ).
We named it MAXI J0903-531.
The intensity was of 16 mCrab.
Swift/XRT (X-ray telescope) and UVOT (UV telescope) identified it.
There is a star of 13 magnitude at 10 kpc
( ATel #14557 ).
There is the Perseus arm. (figure)
Considering the distance, the optical luminosity of the star is 2000 times of the sun,
suggesting a high mass star (8 solar mass).
NICER detected 14 s pulsation
( ATel #14559 ).
Southern African Large Telescope detected a strong
H alpha emission line
( ATel #14564 ).
It is the 30th nova that MAXI discovered.
Thanks to the quick followups over the world, the nature of the nova
turned out to be a Be X-ray binary pulsar.
Orbital period updated for the Be X-ray pulsar XTE J1829-098
news-1284 April 16, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI detected an X-ray star (70 mCrab) in the constellation Scutum
on 2021 April 12
( ATel #14554 ).
The source position is consistent with the Be X-ray pulsar XTE J1829-098.
After the MAXI's report in the last summer
( ATel #11927 ),
SRG reported a
beginning of a new outburst on 2021 April 5
( ATel #14521 ).
The MAXI detection shows the pulsar is brightening to an outburst.
Although two outburst periods (orbital period of the Be binary) were proposed,
480 days by
Halpern et al. (2007)
and 246 day by
Markwardt et al. ( ATel #2007 ),
the 246 day is turned out to be correct
by the date separations of the April outburst.
X-ray burst from NS-LMXB 4U 1323-619
news-1283 March 25, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI detected an X-ray burst (90 mCrab) from 4U 1323-619 in the constellation
Centaurus on 2021 March 23 04:11 UT.
It is a binary of a neutron star (NS, 1.4 solar mass) and
a low-mass star (0.3 solar mass)
(Gambino et al. 2016).
The binary period is 2.94 hour.
The binary separation is 860 thousand km, which is only 2.3 times of the earth-moon
distance.
It is so close that the gas on the stellar surface flows onto the NS.
When it accumulates to a certain amount,
a sudden nuclear fusion (an X-ray burst) occurs on the surface of the NS.
Such a system is called NS low-mass X-ray binary (NS-LMXB).
The distance from the earth is 14 thousand light-year.
It locates 1 degree east of the coal sack, but
is much further than the coal sack (600 lt-yr).
Reappearance of Be X-ray binary Swift J1626.6-5156
news-1282 March 18, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI detected an appearance of X-ray star of about 40 mCrab on 2021 March 11
in the constellation Norma
( ATel #14454 ).
The position was consistent with the Be X-ray binary Swift J1626.6-5156.
Follow up observation with NICER on March 11
( ATel #14457 )
found a pulsation of
15.34 s, which is the pulse period of Swift J1626.
NICER detected a 9.1 keV dip in the spectrum. It is the cyclotron resonance
of an electron in the magnetic field, whose strength is 8e11 Gauss.
Since the source located on the course of SRG scan, SRG/ART-XC also detected it.
Follow up observation with NuSTAR confirmed the cyclotron resonance and
also found the
second harmonic at 17 keV
( ATel #14462 ).
Swift J1626 was discovered in 2005 with Swift.
MAXI detected a small outburst in 2014 September
( ATel #14498 ),
and this is the third detection in history.
GRB 210222A wih MAXI, CALET, and Konus-wind
news-1281 March 11, 2021 by Mihara
MAXI detected a bright (390 mCrab in 4-10 keV) transient in the constellation Sculptor
at 2021/02/22 15:59:29 UT (
GCN #29543,
GRB 210222A) (figure).
At 116 seconds before, CALET Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (CGBM) triggered it
(GCN #29553).
and Konus-wind also did
(GCN #29564).
The peak flux was about 40 Crab (100 - 1000 keV) and
the burst duration was 87 second.
When MAXI detected it, the GRB had already darkened under CGBM sensitivity.
MAXI detected the tail of the long GRB.
In 5 years, simultanious detection with MAXI and CALET is 18 out of
total 55 MAXI detections. Those with MAXI, CALET and Konus-wind is 13.
Chandra confirmed MAXI J1848-015 is a new star
news-1280 March 4, 2021 by Mihara
Swift localized MAXI J1848-015 to a star cluster GLIMPSE-C01 with an accuracy of 2.3 arcsec
( ATel #14420 ).
To find out which star in the cluster made the outburst,
Chandra observed MAXI J1848 on Feb. 21 with an accuracy of 0.8 arcsec
( ATel #14424 ).
They found a bright star (1 mCrab) around the boundary of Swift's error circle.
In the previous observations in 2006 and 2019 with sensitivity down to 0.1 micro Crab, this star did not exist (figure).
Although 17 stars had been detected, the brightest star was only 2 micro Crab.
So, MAXI J1848-015 was really a new star.
NICER observed MAXI J1848 on Feb. 23 and found many iron lines
( ATel #14429 ).
Swift confirmed MAXI J1848-015
news-1279 February 25, 2021 by MiharaMAXI nova MAXI J1848-015 which was discovered on Dec. 20 last year was observed with Swift satellite at last on Feb. 21 ( ATel #14420 ). Swift had to wait until the sun moved far from the source. It was lucky that the star was still bright and Swift found it within the NuSTAR error box. The position became 40 times more accurate, and there sits a hidden globular cluster GLIMPSE C01. It is on the Galactic plane and the optical lights are absorbed by the interstellar gas. This hidden cluster was discovered recently in 2005 with Spitzer infrared satellite. X-ray luminosity was calculated using the cluster distance (5 kpc). The low luminosity suggests the source to be a neutron star binary rather than a blackhole binary. The position was also consistent with ASCA source AX J184848-0129. The spectral changes with MAXI NuSTAR Swift and ASCA also indicate a NS binary. The nova ended in the common view as a NS binary in globular cluster.
Blackhole GX 339-4 brightening
news-1278 February 18, 2021 by Mihara
After reported on Jan. 28, X-ray flux from the blackhle binary GX 339-4
keeps increasing.
Today's flux is 0.07 photon/cm2/s in 10-20 keV.
From the three-times experience of MAXI, GX 339-4 made a spectral state
transition at 0.12 - 0.18 ph/cm2/s from the hard spectrum to the soft one.
This indicates that the accretion disk emitting the soft X-ray
comes closer to the blackhole and it finally reaches the 3 times of the
Schwarzschild radius.
There is a variance on the threshold level.
So the state change may be tomorrow or 3 weeks later,
Many astronomers is keeping their eyes on the behavior of this famous blackhole.
Blackhole GX 339-4 started an outburst
news-1277 January 28, 2021 by Mihara
The recurrent black-hole transient GX 339-4 started an outburst.
It was first noticed by the weekly monitoring with the MeerKAT
radio telescope on 2021 Jan. 4
( ATel #14336 ).
NuSTAR and Swift/XRT made TOO observations and detected
a weak X-ray on Jan. 23
( ATel #14352 ).
Swift/BAT detected a positive hard X-ray on Jan 25, and also,
MAXI detected a soft X-ray on Jan. 26
( ATel #14351 ).
Looking back the data, INTEGRAL had detected X-ray on Jan. 17 and 21
( ATel #14354 ).
Now the flux is 40 mCrab and is rising.
It is still in the hard spectral state (beginning of an outburst).
The last outburst had ended in 2020 April.
Now, a new outburst has begun.
NuSTAR confirmed MAXI J1848-015
news-1276 January 21, 2021 by Mihara
After the MAXI's discovery on 2020 Dec. 20, NuSTAR
detected MAXI J1848-015 successfully on Dec. 23
( ATel #14290 ).
The location of MAXI J1848 looks slightly offset
(about 71 arcsec) from the known source AX J1848.8-0129.
But, it is within the error of Nu-STAR and they could not confirm it a new star.
Just after it on Dec. 23 the X-ray flux dropped quickly below the MAXI detection limit
( ATel #14292 ).
One explanation was that the source might have made a soft-to-hard state
transition and soft X-ray decreased.
To confirm it we made a NuSTAR TOO observation on Dec.31 - Jan.1
( ATel #14327 ).
The spectrum had changed to that of the hard state and our idea was confirmed.
The image looks similar and identification is not certain yet.
Very soft Gamma-ray burst GRB 210102B
news-1275 January 7, 2021 by Mihara, Negoro, SerinoMAXI detected a bright uncatalogued X-ray source at 2021 January 2 09:03:48 UT in the constellation Aquarius with the 240 mCrab intensity. We reported as GRB 210102B (GCN #29223). Swift made a follow-up observation in 6 hour later with 7 pointings and found a source with 0.1 mCrab (GCN #29230). At the refined position, an optical transient was found with 22 magnitude in 28 hour later (GCN #29240). However, the second Swift follow-up in 58 h later did not detect the source ( weaker than 0.01mCrab, GCN #29271). Nor, the second optical follow-up in 76 hour later (weaker than 23 magnitude, GCN #29270). GRB 210102B was a very soft Gamma-ray burst, showed a quick decay in X-ray and optical, and there was no star or galaxy at that position.
New star MAXI J1848-015 or a cataloged star ?
news-1274 December 24, 2020 by Mihara, Negoro
MAXI found an X-ray transient source in the constellation Aquila
at 05:04 UT on 2020 December 20
( ATel #14282 ).
The X-ray flux was 63 +- 10 mCrab (4.0-10.0keV).
The source locates just on the galactic plane (figure).
The source may be a new source as MAXI J1848-015, or may be
rebrightening of a cataloged
weak X-ray source AX J1848.8-0129, whose nature is unknown yet.
Swift and NICER cannot observe it because of sun angle constraints.
We asked the Nu-STAR team for a follow-up,
and they observed it from 02:50 UT on Dec. 23.
They detected the source
at 71 arcsec away from AX J1848.8-0129
( ATel #14290 ).
But it is marginally within the positional error, and they could not
reach a conclusion.
Active binary star AT Microscopium
news-1273 December 17, 2020 by MiharaMAXI detected a flare from AT Mic at 19:11 UT on 2020 December 12, with the intensity of 300 mCrab. Considering that the distance to AT Mic is 35 light-years from the earth, the X-ray power was as huge as 10^25 W, which is 1/10 of the optical solar luminosity. AT Mic consists of two dwarf M-type stars with emission lines (dMe stars). Size of each star is about 40 % of the sun.
Solar flare and Si from Crew Dragon
news-1272 December 3, 2020 by MiharaA large solar flare occurred around 2020 November 29 13:00 UT. Reflected X-ray on the Crew Dragon around the nose cap was seen with MAXI. The spectrum showed a strong Si line. It would be the fluorescent X-ray from the Crew Dragon material.
A0535+26 in its highest flux
news-1271 November 26, 2020 by Mihara, NakajimaThe Be X-ray binary pulsar A 0535+26 has brightened since the report of two weeks ago. MAXI team reported the giant outburst ( ATel #14173 ). After the periastron passage the pulsar remains in the high level against expectation. It is twice higher than the 2009's outburst (figure). In fact, in the 10-20 keV range it is about 10 Crab. It is much brighter than the Crab nebula in the daily image on 2020.11.24 (figure).
A0535+26 in the giant outburst
news-1270 November 14, 2020 by Mihara, Nakajima
MAXI detected a slight X-ray from the Be X-ray binary pulsar
A 0535+26 at 2020/11/3 20:46.
It locates next to the Crab nebula (Figure), both in the constellation Taurus.
The orbital phase was 0.90, whereas the orbital period of the system is 111 day.
The system makes, but not always, an outburst near periastron (phase=0).
Sometimes it is a normal outburst of about 200 mCrab, and rarely it is
a giant outburst reaching 1 Crab.
We were watching the growth of the X-ray light curve, meanwhile a group
reported the outburst on Nov. 6
( ATel #14157 ).
On Nov. 12 it reached almost 1 Crab and it clearly means a giant outburst.
The light curve
and hardness curve
are shown in the figure
( ATel #14173 ).
Latest
light curve
and
hardness curve .
GRB 201021B
news-1269 October 22, 2020 by MiharaMAXI nova alert system triggered an uncatalogued bright X-ray source (210 mCrab) at 2020-10-21 16:18:55UT in the constellation Tucana. We reported it as a gamma-ray burst GRB 201021B (GCN #28726). The star was not detected in the previous (14:46 UT) nor the next (17:51 UT) MAXI scans.
Superburst from Aquila X-1 and NICER follow-up
news-1268 October 15, 2020 by Mihara
MAXI detected a superburst from the neutron-star low-mass X-ray binary
Aquila X-1 on 2020 October 8, 16:59 UT
( ATel #14079 ).
The luminosity was about a half of the Eddington luminosity
( = 40000 times of the sun)
and the temperature was 2.0 keV ( = twenty million K).
We waited for the next scan at 18:32 when the burst was still going on,
and confirmed it the superburst lasting for hours, not an X-ray burst lasting
for 100 s.
We issued an alert mail and also informed the NICER team at 19:55.
Since Aql X-1 had been in an outburst for a month
( MAXI Light curve )
and
NICER had been observing it every day,
NICER could quickly turn the telescope and started the observation at 20:05,
that is 10 minutes after the mail.
It was the quickest record.
Short X-ray burst from the UCXB 4U 1820-303
news-1267 October 8, 2020 by Mihara
MAXI detected an X-ray burst from the neutron-star low-mass X-ray binary
4U 1820-303 in the globular cluster
NGC 6624
in the constellation
Sagittarius
at 2020/10/6 01:32.
It lasted for 10s (figure), which is categorized in the
short (~15 s) X-ray burst. (see
MAXI news #1256 figure 2)
The shortness comes from the He burning.
The system is an ultra compact X-ray binary with a
neutron star and a low-mass star.
The orbital period is only 11 minutes.
The separation of the two stars is only 120,000 km, which is
1/3 of earth-moon distance.
The low-mass star is probably a white dwarf.
The surface would consist of Helium.
Then the short burst and the ultra compact orbit is related.
Flare from the active binary UX Ari
news-1266 September 17, 2020 by Mihara
MAXI detected a flare from UX Arietis at 7:59 UT on 2020 September 13.
The flare lasted for 12 hours and the peak intensity was 100 mCrab (figure).
The luminosity was one million times of the largest solar flare.
UX Ari is a 6 magnitude star located at 6 degrees north-west of the Pleiades
star cluster. The distance from the earth is 165 lt-yr by GAIA.
It is a RS CVn type variable, that is, a close binary system with
a K-type subgiant star and a small G-type main-sequence star.
They rotate around each other by 6.4 days orbital period.
The system with this combination is very active.
Record high X-ray from dwarf nova SS Cyg
news-1265 September 11, 2020 by Mihara, NegoroMAXI recorded the highest X-ray flux 40 mCrab from the dwarf nova SS Cyg. Increase of flux stared around 2018 October ( ATel #13744 ) and were succeedingly reported by MAXI news #1237 in 2019 July and MAXI news #1253 in 2020 May. The average X-ray flux is about 10 times higher then before. It is the highest in the 25 years since 1995 when RXTE/ASM started monitoring. The optical flux in the quiescence is also 2.5 times higher than before and may be the highest in the 110 years since 1909.
Aql X-1's 13th outburst triggered by Swift/BAT, radio, and optical
news-1264 September 3, 2020 by Mihara
Aquila X-1 is a neutron-star low-mass X-ray binary known since 1973.
It repeats bright outbursts lasting for a month in roughly once in a year.
According to the MAXI light curve (figure), the current outburst is the 13th one.
This outburst was first suggested with the Swift/BAT on 2020 August 9
and the brightest radio from this source on August 12
( ATel #13016 ).
Optical monitoring had detected a brightening from 18.1 mag. to 16.7 mag.,
at least by one magnitude (= 2.5 times) (ATel #13020, 13953, 13981).
( ATel #13029 ,
( ATel #13953 ,
( ATel #13981 ).
They expected emergence of MAXI's X-ray around 20 August.
MAXI did detect X-ray on August 31 after the source came out of the un-scanned region.
Extrapolating the light curve, the rise might be about August 27.
MAXI J1216-655 : Very Fast X-ray Transient
news-1263 August 27, 2020 by Mihara, Negoro
MAXI found a faint transient MAXI J1216-655 in the
constellation musca on 2020 August 9 in one-day bin light curve
( ATel #13946 ).
Peak flux was 30 mCrab in 4-10 keV in 00h-04h UT on Aug. 9.
It went down < 10 mCrab on Aug. 10.
On Aug. 15, Swift performed a 7-point tiling observations
covering the whole MAXI's error region
( ATel #13951 )
(figure).
But, there was no new source.
There was one supernova remnant, G299.2-02.9.
MAXI J1216-655 would have faded out below < 0.1mCrab in the 5 days.
It might be a very fast X-ray transient (VFXT)
like MAXI J1957+032
( ATel #7504 ).
The nature of the source is unknown.
AT2019wey : Mysterious slow transient
news-1262 August 20, 2020 by Mihara, Negoro
The optical transient AT 2019wey was discovered by ATLAS telescope on 2019
Dec. 7 in the constellation Camelopardalis.
Spectrum Roentgen Gamma satellite discovered the X-ray source
on 2020 Mar. 18
( ATel #13571 ).
X-ray brightening has been monitored by Swift and NICER since Apr. 12.
The type of this source remains uncertain.
We made a long-term MAXI light curve of the source
( ATel #13948 ).
There was no X-ray before the optical discovery.
At the discovery
there was a possible X-ray flare at 00:13 on 2019 Dec. 6, in only one scan.
In the next observation period from Dec. 30 to 2020 Jan. 18,
MAXI detected a significant X-ray (~3.4 sigma level).
So, AT 2019wey had already started the X-ray emission before the SRG detection.
The X-ray intensity has kept increasing exponentially since then to date.
Thus, MAXI can trace back the past activities even after a later notice.
XTE J1829-098 : hot summer outburster
news-1261 August 13, 2020 by Mihara
MAXI detected a slight enhancement (~ 20 mCrab) of X-ray
in the constellation Scutum
on 2020 July 31, August 6, and August 10.
The source positions are consistent with the Be X-ray pulsar XTE J1829-098.
Since the discovery on 2004 July 31
( ATel #317 ),
XTE J1829-098 made outbursts on 2008 August 4 with RXTE
( ATel #2007 ),
2018 August 6 with MAXI
( ATel #11927 )
and this time.
All of the four were around the beginning of August of the even-number year,
suggesting 2 years is a multiple of the orbital period of the binary.
X-ray flares from the second youngest pulsar (and also a magnetar) AX J1846.4-0258
news-1260 August 7, 2020 by Mihara, Negoro
The MAXI/GSC nova alert system triggered a weak X-ray transient source
at 07:49 UT on 2020-07-30 (59060 MJD) in the one-day accumulation
( ATel #13922 ).
The source position was (R.A., Dec) = (281.47 deg, -2.63 deg)
= (18 45 53, -02 37 33) (J2000) with a statistical error of 0.26 deg
and a systematic error of 0.1 deg.
There were three scans (2020-07-30 01:38, 03:11, and 04:44 UT)
with a significant X-ray flux
(see MAXI nova page 2 : Possibly AX J1846.4-0258 , scan No. 13, 14, and 16, respectively).
The averaged flux over the three scans
was 50 +- 15 mCrab in 4.0-10.0keV.
There was no significant excess flux in the previous transit at 00:01 UT (scan No. 12)
and in the next transit at 06:17 UT (scan No. 17)
with an upper limit of 20 mCrab for each.
However, there were several scans with less significant (~2 sigma) fluxes
(~30 mCrab). They are
previous scans at 07-28 00:03 (page 1 : No. 22) and 01:36 (page 1 : No. 23),
07-29 11:41 (No. 4) and 14:47 (No. 6),
and a next scan at 07-30 21:46 (No. 28).
Here the page 1 refers to
here, AX J1846.4-0258
There were three known sources in the error region.
On 2020-08-01 20:11 UT Swift/BAT detected a flare from AX J1846.4-0258,
which is one of the three sources
(GCN #28187
and
ATel #13913 ).
AX J1846.4-0258 is the second youngest (700 yerars old) pulsar in our galaxy
(and also a magnetar)
and shows a magnetar-like activity
(Gotthelf et al. 2000).
Intermittent detections with MAXI from 2020-07-28 to 07-30 are
consistent with the flaring behavior of the source.
Therefore, the X-ray fluxes which MAXI detected would also come from
AX J1846.4-0258.
Spectrum tells the bright flare was from SFXT XTE J1739-302
news-1259 July 17, 2020 by Negoro, Mihara
MAXI detected a bright X-ray (~300 mCrab) from ~2 degrees west of the
Galactic center (GC) at 9:34 UT on 2020 July 9
( ATel #13871 ).
There were no detections in the previous and the next MAXI scans.
The short flare reminds us an X-ray burst, but there is no X-ray burster
in the region. The spectrum can be fit by a 2 keV blackbody,
typical for an X-ray burst, but an interstellar gas absorption is not needed.
It is unusual for an X-ray source near the GC.
Another kind of X-ray sources with short (~1000s) flares is
supergiant fast X-ray transient (SFXT).
There is one SFXT in the region in fact, XTE J1739-302.
MAXI detected a short flare in 2015
( ATel #6900 ),
too.
The spectrum can also be fit with a power-law with the photon index of 1.5 and
the galactic absorption of 5 x 10^22 cm^-2. Those are reasonable values for
a SFXT and we conclude the flare was from XTE J1739-302.
Intermediate duration X-ray burst from IGR J17062-6143
news-1258 June 25, 2020 by Mihara, Iwakiri
MAXI detected a bright (~ 2 Crab) X-ray burst from IGR J17062-6143
at 2020 June 22 8:15 UT
in Ara constellation (
ATel #13827 )
(figure).
It was a rare "intermediate duration X-ray burst" lasting a few hours
(see figure 2 of
MAXI news #1256 ),
and was shining when
NICER turned the telescope at 3.0 hours after the MAXI detection.
Such a long X-ray burst were reported in 2012
(GCN #13386)
and 2015
( ATel #8241 )
from this source.
Since the discovery in 2008
( ATel #1840 ),
observations have revealed that
the spin period of the neutron star (NS) is 6.1 ms,
the orbital period of the binary is 38 minutes and
the distance from the Earth is about 30,000 lt-years
(Strohmayer et al. 2017).
It is the NS low-mass X-ray binary.
The separation of the two stars is only 0.5 of the solar radius.
Such a small system is called "ultra compact X-ray binary (UCXB)".
Somehow, the long burst tends to occur in UCXB.
(see also MAXI news #1254 )
SpaceX crew-Dragon shadows (DEMO-2)
news-1257 June 18, 2020 by MiharaSpaceX crew-Dragon space ship (DEMO-2) docked the ISS on May 31, 2020. Since then, right ends of 25 degrees in the MAXI horizontal camera and 10 degrees in the zenithal camera are shadowed (figure). Because the X-ray in the MAXI's energy band cannot penetrate the star ship, Dragon hides X-ray stars behind it, including the now-outbursting GRO J1008-57 ( MAXI news #1252 ). The shadow moves on the sky with 70-day precession period as arrows in the figure. The shadowed part is a little bluer (harder X-ray) in the figure, since the Dragon stops the cosmic X-ray background (CXB), while the particle background is still there which is harder than the CXB.
Short X-ray burst from GRS 1747-312
news-1256 June 11, 2020 by Mihara, Negoro, SerinoMAXI detected a short spike at 5:50:13 UT on June 5, 2020 from the constellation Scorpius. The X-ray emission lasted only for 4 s (figure 1). There locates the low-mass X-ray binary GRS 1747-312, which is known to emit short X-ray bursts. An X-ray burst is a sudden thermo-nuclear burning on the surface of a neutron star. The duration distribution is spread in 10-100 s with two peaks at about 15 s and 80 s (figure 2). Those are interpreted as He fuel (15 s), and mixed (H and He) fuel (80 s), respectively. The reason that GRS 1747-312 always emits short X-ray bursts is considered as that H is slowly burning into He on the surface, and since the accumulation time in GRS 1747-312 is relatively long, all of H has turned to He when a burst ignites.
Short X-ray burst from GRS 1747-312. S and E are when the source is in
the MAXI field of view. The burst occurred in the middle.
Taken from "Understanding superbursts" MAXI 7year conference proc. p121 In't Zand (2017)
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017symm.conf..121I/abstract
Flares ! from sleeping GRS 1915+105
news-1255 June 4, 2020 by Mihara, IwakiriAt 15:20 UT on 2020 May 26, MAXI detected a strong (~1 Crab) X-ray from GRS 1915+105 in Aquila. It is known as a violently variable blackhole binary since 1992, but recently has darkened and kept undetected with MAXI ( MAXI news #1232 , ATel #13652 ). Responding to the alert mail from MAXI, through OHMAN ground route, NICER quickly observed the source at 16:31. GRS 1915+105 was still in the bright flare and NICER recorded excellent data of rapid variations shorter than 0.1 s, "strange cycles of X-ray emission", and blowing-out iron lines. 1 hour 11 minutes has become the shortest record of OHMAN. The conditions were lucky, as MAXI's detection with zenithal cameras and NICER's observation at the next rise from the horizon.
Long X-ray burst from MAXI J0911-655
news-1254 May 28, 2020 by Mihara, Iwakiri
MAXI detected a bright (~ 1 Crab) X-ray burst from the globular cluster
NGC 2808 in the constellation Carina at 17:04 on May 22, 2020 (
ATel #13754 ).
It contains the low-mass X-ray binary MAXI J0911-655 discovered in 2016 (
ATel #8872 ).
Since the discovery, it kept shining at about 10 mCrab in X-ray (
MAXI news #1242 ).
The distance from the earth is 31000 light-year.
The neutron star is an accreting ms pulsar
(Pspin=2.9 ms, Porbit = 44.3 minutes, Sanna et al. 2017).
This X-ray burst was long-lasting (~100 minutes), and
this kind of the X-ray burst is known to occur in the ultra-compact binary
like MAXI J0911-655.
NICER quickly turned the telescope by the command from the ground,
and observed the source at 18:57 successfully (
ATel #13760 ).
It was 1 hour 53 minutes after the MAXI detection and
became the quickest record of the MAXI-NICER connection.
MAXI X-ray image at burst detection at 17:04 on May 22, 2020. The intensity was about 1 Crab. In the next MAXI scan at 18:37, it had faded to about 100 mCrab.
Dwarf nova SS Cyg getting brighter
news-1253 May 21, 2020 by Mihara, NegoroMAXI found X-ray flux from SS Cygni has been continuously increasing since around 2018 October ( ATel #13744 ). The activity was reported in MAXI news #1237 in 2019 July. Since then the X-ray flux has kept increasing, and reached about 30 mCrab in 2020 May. It is the highest flux that MAXI has ever observed from SS Cyg since 2009 August. Comparing the MAXI data with the optical data by AAVSO, both fluxes are increasing (figure). Usually X-ray is emitted only at the beginning and the end of an optical outburst (Wheatley et al. 2003), and optical flux is low between the outbursts. So, it is very strange that X-ray and optical flux remains high even between the outbursts.
GRO J1008-57 starting a giant outburst
news-1252 May 14, 2020 by Mihara, Nakajima
MAXI is monitoring the activity of the Be X-ray binary pulsars.
A normal outburst was reported in
MAXI news #1206 .
The data in the recent several days shows that GRO J1008-57
seems to start a giant outburst.
Figure is the X-ray flux in log scale
vs. orbital phase. The orbital period is 250 days
and phase zero is set at the periastron passage.
The light curve (pink) is tracing that of the giant outburst in 2012
(green) very well.
After a normal outburst at phase -0.05 the flux has kept in a constant level,
and at phase 0.24 it dropped once and started to rise immediately after it.
The BeXRB monitor by ESAC/ESA
summarizes the data from MAXI, Swift/BAT and Fermi/GBM.
http://integral.esac.esa.int/bexrbmonitor
Now the activity of GRO J1008-57 is ranked at the top.
( A snap shot
was taken on May 28 2020 ).
Recent light curve of GRO J1008-57 in pink (updated on May 22 at the time of
ATel #13750 ).
It traces the light curcve of the giant outburst in the 2012 in green.
Two kinds of outbursts, normal and giant ones, are shown in black and others.
SGR 1935+2154 became active
news-1251 April 30, 2020 by Mihara, Sugita
MAXI detected two bright short bursts from the Soft Gamma-ray Repeater
SGR 1935+2154 on 2020-04-27
(GCN #27661).
The first one was at 20:01:45.99 UT
and had a double-peaked light curve with a total duration of only ~100 ms
(Figure).
The peak width was 5ms and the peak flux was about 75 Crab in the 2-20 keV band,
for each pulse.
The second burst started at 21:56:02.63 UT and had a single-peaked structure
with a width of 50 ms. This peak flux was about 40 Crab in 5 ms.
The activity was first reported from Swift/BAT at 2020-04-27 18:26:20 UT
(GCN #27657,
ATel #13675 ).
and Fermi/GBM at 2020-04-27 18:26:20.16 UT
(GCN #27659).
NICER, INTEGRAL, AGILE, Konus-Wind, and HXMT also detected the SGR activities.
This was the second detection of the short burst from SGR with MAXI.
The first one was also from SGR 1935+2154. It was 2016 Jun 20
(GCN #19545).
Light curve of the first short burst from SGR 1935+2154 with MAXI.
The X axis is the time in sec.
The red line indicates the burst duration, which was
only 0.1 s. There were two spikes in the burst.
The Y axis is the count rates.
The bin size is 5 ms.
Each step corresponds to one photon.
For example, the highest peak had 9 photons in 5 ms.
The detector area was about 9 cm2. Those yields about 200 c/s/cm2.
GRB 200205A -> Swift J0840.7-3516
news-1250 February 13, 2020 by Mihara
MAXI detected a bright (72 mCrab) uncatalogued X-ray source at 2020 February 5 06:54 UT in the southern constellation Pyxis
(GCN #26987).
The position was consistent with the gamma-ray burst GRB 200205A triggered
by Swift
(GCN #26982)
at 06:35. But it was 19 minutes ago.
In the next MAXI scan at 07:16 the intensity increased to
262 mCrab in 4.0-10.0 keV. This is unusual. There is no GRB whose afterglow is
brighter than the prompt emission.
In the third scan at 8:27 it started to decrease down to 66 mCrab.
The X-rays in the MAXI prior transit at 05:43
and in the next transit at 08:49 were not detected, < 20 mCrab for each.
The light curve is very peculiar (Figure).
Swift reported a detection of 9 s pulsation and renamed it Swift J0840.7-3516
( ATel #13452 ).
However, the pulsation was not confirmed with NICER and the star faded out
( ATel #13456 ).
The spectrum and the rapid time variations are similar to those of a black hole.
9 s pulsation might be a quasi periodic oscillation (QPO) seen from a BH.
So, the nature of the star remains unknown.
Light curve of GRB 200205A, later renamed as Swift J0840.7-3516.
Light curve is very peculiar as a GRB. It is also
peculiar as a galactic transient.
Violent flares from XTE J1901+014
news-1249 December 5, 2019 by MiharaOn December 3 2019 MAXI detected a flare (80 mCrab) from XTE J1901+014 in the constellation Aquila ( ATel #13328 ). The flare lasted only for two scans separated by 90 minutes. Looking back the MAXI alerts, it was the third detection with MAXI after 2012 and 2015. The source was discovered with the former all-sky monitor RXTE/ASM in 2002 ( ATel #88 ). But in reality the first detection was in 1997. Swift/BAT detected flares in 2006 and 2010, which lasted for only from tens of seconds to hundreds of seconds ( ATel #2375 ). XMM and Chandra localized the position, but there is no optical or infrared star ( ATel #1268 ). The spectrum with ROSAT, RXTE and Integral is a simple power-law in a wide range of 0.6 - 100 keV ( Karasev et al. 2007 ). These properties are similar to the violent-type of the black hole binary such as V4641 Sgr and V404 Cyg. However, the nature of this source remains unknown.
Be X-ray binary RX J0209.6-7427 in Magellanic bridge
news-1248 November 28, 2019 by MiharaMAXI discovered a faint (23 mCrab) source near Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) on 2019 November 20, and named it MAXI J0206-74 ( ATel #13300 ). By the follow-up observation with Swift/XRT it was identified as RX J0209.6-7427 ( ATel #13303 ). The source was discovered in 1993 with ROSAT and was identified to a Be star ( Kahabka and Hilker 2005 ). This time , too, a strong and broad H alpha emission line was detected with SALT telescope in South Africa, which indicates an active phase of the Be star ( ATel #13307 ). IRSF telescope also detected a little brightening in infrared ( ATel #13315 ). By the following NICER observation the 9.29 s pulsation was discovered ( ATel #13309 ). The system was turned out to be a Be X-ray binary pulsar located in the Magellanic bridge, which is a gas stream connecting SMC and LMC (figure). The distance is 200,000 lt-yr from Earth. Although it looks dim apparently, it is very luminous in fact, three times as bright as the Eddington luminosity.
Location of MAXI detection. The Be X-ray binary RX J0209.6-7427 lies on the Magellanic bridge. It was born in SMC and travelling in the vast space for 200 million years.
Massive star binary Eta Carinae is active
news-1247 November 14, 2019 by MiharaMAXI detected an X-ray increase from Eta Carinae on 2019 November 5 and 6. Usually it is 5 mCrab, while it is 10 mCrab now. It is a very massive star binary (~90 and ~30 solar masses). The X-ray outburst occurs in every 5.54 year, which is considered to be the binary period. After the peak the flux drops sharply probably due to the eclipse of the X-ray emitting shock region in the stellar wind by the primary star. The previous drop was around 2014 August 2 and the next one is expected on 2020 February 16. The flux has already started to increase towards that day.
MAXI 10 years light curve of Eta Carinae. X-ray has started to increase
towards the periastron in 2020 February.
MAXI J0637-430 : New black hole was found
news-1246 November 5, 2019 by MiharaMAXI discovered a new source MAXI J0637-430 on 2019 November 2 in constellation Columba ( ATel #13256 ). The spectrum was soft and the 2-4 keV flux was 60 mCrab. Swift performed a follow-up observation on November 3 and confirmed an uncatalogued new X-ray source ( ATel #13257 ). The spectrum was disk-blackbody of 0.9 keV temperature with a hard power-law tail, which is typical for a black hole transient. It is the 13th black hole binary that MAXI discovered. The UV telescope (UVOT) on Swift also detected a new bright star (15th magnitude). A follow-up spectroscopy of the star was carried out by a ground telescope in Chile on November 3 and they found a double-peaked strong H alpha emission line, which would come from an accretion disk ( ATel #13260 ). The dim and soft X-ray state indicates a far distance of about 10 kpc. The star would be a black hole low-mass X-ray binary wandering far in the galactic halo.
New black hole binary MAXI J0637-430 was discovered on 2019 November 2.
The red color of the source indicates that it emits soft X-ray.
A Be X-ray binary pulsar became active
news-1245 October 24, 2019 by Mihara
When MAXI recovered from the power-saving operation (2019.10.18-20),
the Be X-ray binary pulsar (BeXBP) XTE J1858+034 had
already started an outburst
( ATel #13217 )
following the previous one in 2011
( ATel #3766 ).
The intensity was about 20 mCrab. Swift/BAT also confirmed the outburst.
The BeXBP generally has an outburst at the periastron passage
of the elongated orbit, but not always.
This is the fifth outburst of XTE J1858+034 in history.
The discovery was in 1998
( Paul and Rao 1998 ).
The pulse period of XTE J1858+034 is 221 s, while
the orbital period is not known.
Nova ? No, again. Transient Swift J1845.7-0037 = XMMSL1 J194555.4-003941
news-1244 October 17, 2019 by Mihara
MAXI detected an outburst in the constellation Aquila on 2019 October 11
( ATel #13189 ).
The X-ray intensity changed violently between 20 mCrab and 190 mCrab in Oct. 12-13.
The followup observation of Swift on Oct. 14 identified the source to the known Swift J1845.7-0037
( ATel #13191 ).
It had been detected by Swift/BAT with 15-30 mCrab on 2012 May 16,
and followed by Swift/XRT with 4 mCrab on 2012 http://maxi.riken.jp/star_data/J1911+005/J1911+005.html May 24
( ATel #4130 ).
Far before that, XMM-Newton observatory had discovered the source,
XMMSL1 J184555.4-003941, on 2005 September 20 during the slew at 0.1 mCrab.
The quiescence at 0.1 mCrab was also observed serendipitously by Swift/XRT
on 2011 June 27.
There is an infrared star of 15th magnitude.
However, the nature of this source still remains unknown.
Nova ? No. Neutron star transient GRS 1747-312
news-1243 October 3, 2019 by Mihara
MAXI detected an outburst from the region
near (2 degrees south of) the galactic center
on 2019 September 29
( ATel #13154 ).
Followup observations of Integral and Swift identified the source to
GRS 1747-312
( ATel #13155,
#13157 ).
It is a binary of a neutron-star (NS) and a low-mass star in the globular cluster Terzan 6.
The distance is 24000 lt-years.
The peak flux is 50 mCrab, corresponding to
an X-ray power of 6 x 10^29 W, which is 1500 times larger than the emission of the sun.
It repeats an outburst every about half a year
( in't Zand et al. 2003 ).
The X-ray binary with this luminosity range repeats outbursts in every ~100 days
due to the instability of the accretion disk.
It is similar to Aql X-1 in the MAXI News on 2019 August 8.
Long-lasting MAXI nova MAXI J0911-655
news-1242 September 26, 2019 by Mihara
MAXI detected an X-ray increase from MAXI J0911-655 on 2019 September 24.
It is a MAXI nova discovered on 2016 February 19
(ATel #8872),
and also detected independently by Swift BAT (Swift J0911.9-6452).
Observations with X-ray telescoples of Swift/XRT
(ATel #8884)
and Chandra
(ATel #8971)
identified MAXI J0911 as a star in the globular cluster NGC 2808,
which is source 15 in
Servillat et al. (2008).
NGC 2808 is a large globular cluster at the distance of 31000 lt-years.
MAXI J0911 is the longest-lasting MAXI source. The X-ray flux is about 10 mCrab for the three years.
It brightened up by 10000 times since the first Chandra observation.
XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations found a pulsation of 2.9 ms
( Sanna et al. 2017).
It once faded out in 2019 June
(ATel #12831),
and this time MAXI detected a reflaring.
(left) The globular cluster NGC 2808 taken by Hubble Space Telescope.
(c) NASA, ESA, A. Sarajedini (University of Florida) and G. Piotto (University of Padua)
(right)
MAXI J0911-655 was the source 15 in the Chandra image.
The two circles are core radius and half-mass radius of the
globular cluster. Taken from figure 1 in Servillat et al. (2008).
MAXI J1820+070 rebrightened again. It also did 100 years ago
news-1241 September 5, 2019 by Mihara
When the ISS changed the attitude back for 60S docking in late August,
the black hole binary MAXI J1820+070 moved into the scan area of MAXI's good cameras.
Then by chance, MAXI detected a rebrightening of MAXI J1820+070 on 2019 August 24.
It was discovered with MAXI on 2018 March 11, faded out,
and rebrightened to make a small outburst on 2019 March 21.
This time (~30 mCrab) is the second rebrightening.
Recently optical astronomers found in the digital archive that MAXI J1820+070 had made outbursts
in 1898 and 1934
(ATel #13066),
suggesting that the outbursts repeat with a recurrence period of about 40 years.
The astronomers who took photographs 100 years ago would never have thought that they had taken
photographs of a blackhole binary.
An outburst of MAXI J1820+070 taken in photographs in 1898.
The star had become as bright as this time in 2018.
"Missing-link" object, accreting ms pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658 starts an outburst
news-1240 August 15, 2019 by Mihara
MAXI detected an X-ray from the accreting ms pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658 on 2019 August 9,
following the optical on July 25
(ATel #12964),
Swift/XRT
(ATel #12993)
and NICER
(ATel #13006)
on August 6.
X-ray flux with MAXI was about 40 mCrab, which is consistent with the latest Nu-star observation on August 11
(ATel #13022).
SAX J1808.4-3658 is the first ms pulsar in a binary system
( Wijnands & van der Klis 1998).
The pulsation is 2.5 ms, which is considered to result from
the acceleration by the mass accretion from the companion star.
It makes an outburst in about every 3 years, and this is the eighth outburst.
Recurrent transient Aql X-1 starts an outburst
news-1239 August 8, 2019 by Mihara
MAXI detected a start of an outburst from Aql X-1 on August 5, 2019.
It is a neutron star binary with a low-mass star.
Due to the instability of the accretion disk around the neutron star,
Aql X-1 makes a bright outburst in every about 300 days
(Asai et al. 2012).
The previous outburst was detected by MAXI on November 18, 2018.
Aql X-1 in MAXI HP.
Blackhole binary EXO 1846-031 woke up after 34 years of quiescence
news-1238 August 2, 2019 by Mihara
MAXI detected a X-ray transient in the constellation Aquila
on 2019 July 23
(ATel #12968).
There are two known X-ray sources in the MAXI error circle.
The transient has increased to about 100 mCrab on July 28,
and Swift/BAT identified it as EXO 1846-031.
EXO 1846-031 was a black hole binary discovered in 1985
(Parmar et al. 1993).
The outburst lasted for half a year, and then went into
a quiescence. This outburst is since then after 34 years.
The follow-up observation with Swift/XRT was performed only
1 hour and 10 minutes
after the MAXI alert, and
obtained the source position as accurately as 2 arcsec
(ATel #12969),
which is 10 times better than before.
There are still two infrared-cataloged stars within the error circle.
The next day the VLA detected radio emission from the source and the position
was determined with the accuracy of 0.03 arcsec (even 100 times better)
(ATel #12977).
Neither of the two infrared stars is EXO 1846-031.
MAXI detected X-ray outburst from SS Cyg
news-1237 July 25, 2019 by Mihara
MAXI detected an X-ray increase from SS Cyg on 2019 July 22
following the detection on 2019 February 3.
The flux was about 15 mCrab for both.
SS Cyg has become active in 2019.
SS Cyg is a dwarf nova at 374 light-years away.
It is a non-magnetic cataclysmic variable (CV = a white dwarf binary).
SS Cyg makes an optical outburst in every about 50 days.
Compared to the optical light curve, the X-ray detections with MAXI
were not at the peak, but almost at the end of the outbursts.
It is consistent with the light curve taken with RXTE (figure,
Wheatley et al. 2003).
When the accreting matter becomes less, the plasma turns to optically
thin and the temperature rises. Then it starts to emit X-ray.
Optical, UV, and X-ray light curves of the dwarf nova SS Cyg with RXTE taken from Wheatley et al. (2003).
Soft MAXI gamma-ray burst GRB120714A was in fact an X-ray flare of a M-type star
news-1236 July 17, 2019 by Mihara
MAXI detected a bright (230 mCrab) X-ray transient in
the constellation Hercules at 13:20 UT on 2019 July 14
(GCN #25068).
MAXI team reported it as GRB 190714A.
Swift promptly performed followup observations in about 3 hours later,
and found an X-ray star with 2 mCrab
(ATel #12944).
The location was consistent with an M-type star named UCAC4 525-061488 in 113
light-years away. It was also a cataloged X-ray source, 2E 1624.6+1504.
The prompt followup revealed that the MAXI detection was not a gamma-ray burst,
but a flare from the nearby M-type star.
MAXI's soft gamma-ray burst GRB190708B was in fact a soft tail of the GRB
news-1235 July 15, 2019 by Mihara
MAXI triggered a bright uncatalogued soft X-ray transient at 19:49:58 UT on 2019 July 8
in the constellation Pegasus
(GCN #25037).
The X-ray flux was 394 +- 60 mCrab (4.0-10.0keV, 1 sigma error).
There was no significant excess flux in the previous transit at UT 19:29
and in the next transit at 21:02 UT with an upper limit of 20 mCrab for each.
KONUS/WIND detected a gamma-ray burst at ~240 s before the MAXI trigger
(GCN #25043).
So the MAXI source was the tail, or early afterglow of the GRB.
There was a faint source in the Swift/XRT follow-up observations
in 16 hours later
(GCN #25053),
and it faded in the following observation
after 6 days. The swift source was the afterglow of the GRB
(GCN #25073).
X-ray flare from sigma Gem, a RS CVn type variable
news-1234 June 20, 2019 by Mihara
MAXI detected a flare from sigma Gemini at 01:03 UT on 2019 June 19.
The flare was about 80 mCrab and lasted for about ten hours.
Sigma Gem is at 125 light-years and a 4-magnitude star locating just next to Pollux.
It is a binary star which consists of a K-type giant star
and a smaller main-sequence star.
This type of binary is called as the RS CVn variable.
This combination is active due to the large sun spot on the K giant star.
The previous flares from sigma Gem with MAXI occurred on February 4 and January 24, 2019.
MAXI J1348-630 rebrightened
news-1233 June 6, 2019 by Mihara
MAXI detected X-ray rebrightening of the black hole candidate MAXI J1348-630
(ATel #12838).
It was discovered with MAXI on 2019 January 26 (58509 MJD)
(ATel #12425),
and had a peak in intensity on February 11.
The outburst declined and once disappeared on May 11.
Then usually the X-ray nova goes to a quiescent state. But MAXI J1348
reappeared on May 31 and is still getting brighter and brighter.
X-ray light curves of MAXI J1348-630 with MAXI (top) and Swift/BAT (middle).
A distance 3 kpc is assumed.
The bottom curve is the hardness ratio between BAT and MAXI.
After once it fainted out on 2019 May 11 (58614 MJD), it started shining again on May 31 (58634 MJD).
We can tell the spectral states by the hardness ratio (HR).
That with HR ~ 1 is the hard state,
and that with HR ~ 0.1 is the soft state.
GRS 1915+105 woke up ?
news-1232 May 16, 2019 by Mihara
Flares from the micro-quasar GRS 1915+105 were detected by MAXI/GSC
on 2019 May 14 (ATel #12761).
One of the peak flux reached 316 +/- 30 mCrab (1 sigma error) in 2 - 20 keV.
The 15 - 50 keV flux by Swift/BAT exceeded 1000 mCrab.
The source was in an unusual low-flux state (90 mCrab with MAXI)
for the last one year (ATel #11828, #12742, #12743, #12755).
We are watching whether GRS 1915+105 is going to the quiescence (ATel #12755),
or becoming active again.
Recent X-ray light curves of GRS 1915+105. The flux went down to zero level, and
suddenly some flares occurred.
Cyg X-3 in the quench state
news-1231 April 25, 2019 by Mihara
Cyg X-3 is a mysterious star. We do not know exactly what kind of a star it is.
A blackhole binary has been suggested.
The X-ray flux and spectrum changes violently (figure).
Since February 2019, Cyg X-3 entered a quenched state
(ATel #12510).
It is a rare state when the radio emission drops down and
X-ray spectrum changes to a pure blackboby (ultra soft state).
It was the 4th during MAXI 10 years of observations.
The quench state ended on April and a strong radio was emitted
(ATel #12677).
At the same time, a hard X-ray emerged in the MAXI spectrum
as the hardness ratio went up in the figure.
Recent Cyg X-3 went into the fourth radio quench state, or X-ray ultra soft state.
LIGO/Virgo O3 started
news-1230 April 11, 2019 by Mihara
The operation 3 (O3) of LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave detectors has
started. The first event S190408an
occurred at 18:18:02.29 UT on 2019 April 8,
which is likely a BH-BH merger
(GCN #24069).
MAXI/GSC was operating at the instant and scanning a small part of the GW
error region. However, there was no flaring event.
Within one orbital period of ISS, MAXI covered about 82% of the 90%
probability region.
There was no event again, whose 1-sigma upper limit was 28 mCrab in 2-20 keV
(GCN #24091).
(The O3 was terminated on March 27, 2020 due to COVID-19.)
Short GRB, GRB 190503A detected
news-1229 March 6, 2019 by Mihara
MAXI detected an X-ray increase of 100 mCrab at 2019 March 5 13:07:43 UT
in the constellation Phoenix (GCN #23933).
Swift/XRT follow-up found 6 X-ray sources (#1-6) within MAXI error circle
(GCN #23935).
At about 13:05:18, which was
2 minutes before the MAXI detection, gamma-ray satellites :
AGILE, CALET, Konus-Wind, INTEGRAL, Swift, and Insight-HXMT had detected a
very-strong short (1.8 s) Gamma-ray burst
(GCN #23930, GRB 190305A).
IPN localization by Konus, INTEGRAL and BAT is consistent with the #1 source
(GCN #23936).
MAXI's detection would be an "extended X-ray emission" of a short GRB.
If this is the case, it is the first one for MAXI.
We note that a short GRB is the most promising candidate of a NS (neutron star) - NS merger.
Gamma-ray light curves are available from Konus-wind page.
http://www.ioffe.ru/LEA/GRBs/GRB190305_T47118/
MAXI's error circle and localization with IPN, and Swift/XRT.
Taken from GCN #23936 and the link in it
http://www.ioffe.ru/LEA/GRBs/GRB190305_T47118/IPN/
4U 1901+03 revealed
news-1228 February 20, 2019 by Mihara
On 2019 February 8, MAXI detected X-ray brightening
from the binary X-ray pulsar 4U 1901+03
(ATel #12498).
This is the fourth X-ray outburst in 40 years of X-ray astronomy history,
after the ones in 1970, 2003 and in 2011
(Sootome+ ATel #3829).
The flux was 120 mCrab on Feb. 9 and will reach the maximum
of 300 mCrab around Feb. 24 (figure is on Feb. 20).
Because 4U 1901+03 locates on the milky way in the constellation Aquila,
the optical star was not identified due to crowdedness and absorption.
But this time, precise follow-up observations have changed the situation.
The location was obtained precisely by Swift/XRT and
there was an infrared star
(ATel #12514).
NICER observations were performed
(ATel #12515) suggesting a Be star.
The Chandra archive had detected 3 X-ray photons from this star
(ATel #12519).
The GAIA has shown the distance to this star, 2.9 kpc.
X-ray all-sky map on 2019 February 20. The marked bright source is 4U 1901+03.
The color blue means a hard spectrum. X-ray binary pulsars appear in blue.
Swift J1728.9-3613 appeared
news-1227 February 6, 2019 by Mihara
On 2019 January 26, MAXI detected an X-ray increase from the constellation Scorpius.
We first misidentified this source as EXO 1722-363 (ATel #12437).
On Jan. 28 Swift/BAT detected it independently, and reported it as a new source
Swift J1728.9-3613 (ATel #12436).
It was followed up by Swift/XRT (ATel #12445) on Jan. 28 and NICER (ATel #12455) on Jan. 29.
The spectrum and the quasi periodic oscillation indicate that it is a black hole binary.
It reached a peak of 0.5 Crab on Feb. 2.
X-ray all-sky map on 2019 February 1. Three novae are shining brightly in the southern sky.
All of them have turned out to be blackhole binaries.
MAXI J1348-630 was discovered
news-1226 January 30, 2019 by Mihara
MAXI discovered an X-ray nova MAXI J1348-630 in the constellation Centaurus
at 03:16 UT on 2019 January 26 (ATel #12425).
Swift/XRT obtained the precise location (ATel #12434).
There is a 16 magnitude star
(ATel #12430) getting brighter (
ATel #12439,
#12448).
NICER observation suggests that it is a black hole binary
(ATel #12447).
MAXI J1348-630 has reached 1.5 Crab on January 30 (figure).
Now it is the second brightest star in the X-ray sky.
Discovery of MAXI J1631-479
news-1225 January 13, 2019 by Mihara
MAXI discovered a bright hard X-ray transient source at 04:33 UT on December 21, 2018 in the constellation Norma ( ATel #12320).
The intensity was 209 +- 27 mCrab (4-10 keV).
The Swift/BAT also detected it with flare-like behavior.
There exists the 1309 second X-ray pulsar AX J1631.9-4752/IGR J16320-4751.
But the MAXI intensity was about 10 times higher than the previous observations.
The Nu-STAR X-ray telescope made a follow-up observation on Dec.28 ( ATel #12340).
The MAXI star was 0.21 degrees away from AX J1631.9-4752 (figure),
and was found to be a new star. The name is MAXI J1631-479.
The X-ray spectrum taken with the Nu-STAR indicates that MAXI J1631-479 would be a black hole binary.
Then it is the fifth new black hole found with MAXI in 2018.
MAXI light curve of MAXI J1631-479.
Taken from MAXI HP.
It became very bright, more than 1 Crab.
X-ray image taken with Nu-STAR X-ray telescope. White circle is the error circle which MAXI reported. AX J1631.9-4752 is in the error circle, but the new star is not AX J1631.
MAXI J1631-479 is a new star.
The magnetar XTE J1810-197 woke up
news-1224 December 20, 2018 by Mihara
MAXI has detected another new faint source at (272.6, -19.6) since the end of November (see the figure in the previous news).
Radio telescopes reported intense flares from the magnetar XTE J1810-197 on Dec 9 and 11 after 10 years of quiescence
( ATel #12284,
#12285).
Since the locations coincide, MAXI's source seems to be XTE J1810-197
( ATel #12291).
(MAXI light curve : XTE J1810-197).
Nu-STAR TOO observations confirmed that this X-ray source is XTE J1810-197 indeed
( ATel #12297).
It is a magnetar, which was discovered at the outburst in 2003.
Magnetars are faint. XTE J1810-197 is the only magnetar whose emission is detected with MAXI.
Discovery of MAXI J1810-222
news-1223 December 12, 2018 by Mihara
MAXI discovered a new source, MAXI J1810-222, on December 1, 2018 in constellation Sagittarius
( ATel #12254).
This is a peculiar source which emits only soft X-ray below 4 keV.
The 2-4 keV intensity was 20-40 mCrab (Figure).
Looking back the MAXI data, the source appeared in the beginning of November.
Such long-lasting soft X-ray source is unusual.
It can be a neutron star binary in a low state, a bright blackhole binary at a far distance, or a new kind of X-ray source.
Since the source locates close to the Sun with the separation of about 25 deg, X-ray followup observation is impossible with Swift and NICER. It is only possible with Nu-STAR, the hard X-ray telescope.
Nu-STAR carried out 25 tiling observations on Dec. 9 and confirmed
the existence of MAXI J1810-222 ( ATel #12283).
The position is better determined with an accuracy of 2 arcminutes (=0.03 deg.)
The spectrum is similar to that of the soft state of a black hole.
MAXI 2-4 keV X-ray image of MAXI J1810-222 and aother new source.
They appeared among 5 bright X-ray stars.
The new source (indicated "unknown" in the figure) was found to be a magnetar XTE J1810-197 (see the next news).
Rapid variability from Swift J1858.6-0814
news-1222 November 7, 2018 by Mihara
MAXI confirmed an X-ray emission (4 mCrab) from Swift J1858.6-0814
( ATel #12163),
which was discovered with Swift/BAT on 2018 October 25
( ATel #12151).
The source showed flaring variabilities as
NICER detected an X-ray increase by a factor of a few hundred in 15 s
( ATel #12158).
Such fast variability is very rare among X-ray binaries.
Magnetic white dwarf AM Hercules
news-1221 October 17, 2018 by Mihara
On October 10, 2018, MAXI detected an X-ray increase from the white dwarf (WD) binary, AM
Hercures.
It is a persistent source of a few mCrab, but has brightened to 10mCrab,
the bightest in the 2 years.
This star is categorized as "Polar", which shows a strong optical polarization, resulted
from the strong magnetic field (100 M Gauss = 10^4 T) of the WD.
The binary period is 3.1 hour. The star locates 286 light-years away.
Two Be X-ray binary pulsars made outbursts
news-1220 October 10, 2018 by Mihara
MAXI detected outbursts from the two Be X-ray binaries,
A 0535+26 and GRO J1008-57
( ATel #12092).
They are binaries of a pulsar (neutron star) and a B-emission type star.
Brightening of A 0535+26 was found on 2018 September 22,
and that of GRO J1008-57 was on 2018 September 30.
(MAXI homepage :
A 0535+26,
GRO J1008-57)
Their binary orbits are eccentric. The binary stars
become the closest in every 111 days and 250 days (orbital period).
Sometimes around the periastron, but not always, the stellar gas falls onto the pulsar and an X-ray outburst starts.
The Be X-ray binary pulsar is one of the major categories in X-ray binaries.
MAXI J1820+070 goes back to the hard state
news-1219 September 26, 2018 by Mihara
The black hole candidate MAXI J1820+070 showed a soft-to-hard spectral transition on September 22 ( ATel #12057).
The soft state, whose emission is from the standard accretion disk, lasted from 2018 July 1 (58300 MJD) to September 22 (58383 MJD).
(MAXI homepage :
MAXI J1820+070.
MAXI-BAT light curve).
Light curves of MAXI J1820+070 with MAXI and Swift/BAT, and their intensity ratio.
Outburst from H 1743-322 again and again
news-1218 September 18, 2018 by MiharaThe blackhole binary, H 1743-322, in Scorpio is brightening. It reached 100 mCrab on September 18 with MAXI. This outburst was found by the INTEGRAL observatory (ESA) on September 3, 2018 at 40 mCrab ( ATel #12007). It was a 408 day after the previous outburst, and actually the 12th outburst detected by MAXI in 9 years (Figure). H 1743-322 repeats outbursts in 200 - 400 days due to the accretion-disk instability. MAXI (X-ray) and Swift/BAT (gamma-ray) have been watching the activity.
Repeated outbursts from H 1743-322 in 9 years with MAXI and Swift/BAT. The bottom is the BAT/MAXI intensity ratio. A distance of 34,000 light-year is assumed.
Stellar flares FT Psc and CF Tuc
news-1217 September 6, 2018 by MiharaMAXI detected two stellar flares this week. One is from FT Psc at 14:31 UT on September 1, 2018 ( ATel #12016). The instensity was 160 mCrab. This detection was the second one following that on May 1, 2017. FT Psc is a 10-magnitude small star of spectral type dMe at 38 light-year, but is very active in X-ray. Another flare was from CF Tuc at 07:24 UT on September 3 2018 ( ATel #12009). The intensity was 150 mCrab. This is the second detection with MAXI following that on January 30, 2012 ( ATel #3897). It is a RS CVn type binary at 290 light-year, which is a star-pair with a very high X-ray activity.
GRB180809A with MAXI, Calet/GBM, Fermi/GBM and Swift/XRT
news-1216 August 23, 2018 by MiharaMAXI detected a Gamma-ray burst GRB180809A on 2018 August 9 11:38:25 in the constellation Sagittarius ( GCN #23103 ). The intensity was 2 Crab. Calet/GBM, which is mounted on ISS, also detected it (GCN#23117) as well as Fermi/GBM (GCN#23118). Since both are non-imaging detector, MAXI was the only one that could localize the position. Being informed by MAXI, after 4-6 hours, the X-ray telescope Swift/XRT searched the MAXI error circle by 7 tiling and found an X-ray afterglow of 1.5 mCrab (GCN#23106). It had decayed out below 0.01 mCrab on 5 days later (GCN#23141). An optical telescope searched the region after 73 minutes from the MAXI detection, but there was no new star brighter than 20 magnitude (GCN#23107). There is no known galaxy at the position. The GRB180809A must have exploded in a very distant galaxy.
MAXI image of GRB180809A at detection.
Mysterious star Cir X-1 flared up
news-1215 July 18, 2018 by Mihara
MAXI detected Cir X-1, which flared up suddenly from under detection level (<30mCrab) to 250 mCrab on 2018 July 12 16:53 UT.
In the next two scans (90 and 180 minutes later) it stayed at 50 mCrab,
and then it flared up again to 150 and 300 mCrab in the following two scans.
( MAXI alert page of Cir X-1 ).
The spectrum was shaped as a blackbody of 1.2 keV ( = 10 million degree K).
Cir X-1 is a peculiar binary consisting of a neutron star with weak magnetic
fields and a Be star.
In 2013 a supernova remnant was found around it and the age is estimated to be younger than 4600 years (Heinz et.al (2013) ApJ 779 171).
The flares occur near periastron of the 16.6 day orbit, but not always. The last flare was 130 days ago.
The flare lasts only for some hours to a few days. Violent behavior of the
X-ray emission still remains ununderstandable.
Latest MAXI light curve of Cir X-1
MAXI X-ray light curve of Cir X-1, which started to flare up on July 12.
The Demon Star fired up in X-rays
news-1214 July 11, 2018 by Mihara
MAXI detected a large X-ray flare from Algol at 2018-07-04 05:52 (UT) ( ATel #11812).
The flux was 300 mCrab. It was the largest among 14 flares which MAXI observed from Algol
in 8 years.
Distance to Algol is 90 light-years. Then the X-ray luminosity was 7 x 10^25 W,
which is 1/6 of the optical energy of the sun !
Algol is an eclipsing variable star.
The orbiting period is 2.86 day. MAXI team predicted an eclipse (in X-ray ! ) of this flare.
MAXI's alert was followed by NICER, and NICER successfully detected the flare and the eclipse (Figure).
From these observations, location and evolution of the huge X-ray flare will be analyzed.
The overall view of the "Demon" star will be revealed.
Latest MAXI light curve of Algol
X-ray light curve of Algol which flared up on July 4, 2018.
MAXI detection was followed by NICER observations.
Gamma-ray burst GRB 180701A was detected
news-1213 July 4, 2018 by Mihara
At 06:47 UT on July 1, 2018, MAXI detected a gamma-ray burst GRB180701A ( GCN #22880) in constellation Aquarius. The intensity was 74 +- 19 mCrab, and it shone only for 10 s. It was so weak that the nova search program did not find it. Instead, a graduate student found it. Although GRB occurs one in every day, it is rather rare that it occurs in the MAXI field of view (2% of all-sky). This event was the second GRB for MAXI in 2018.
List of MAXI GRBs
X-ray image of GRB 170701A at detection.
Taken from MAXI alert page of GRB 180701A.
NS-LMXB 4U 1608-52 started an outburst
news-1212 June 27, 2018 by Mihara
On June 19 2018 MAXI detected a sudden X-ray increase from the neutron-star
low-mass X-ray binary 4U 1608-52 in constellation Norma.
The star is usually under MAXI detection (quiescence) and occurs an outburst intermittently about every year.
It is because the accretion disk around the neutron star is unstable for this mass accretion rate.
Spectral ratio (HR = Swift/BAT counts / MAXI/GSC counts) is an indicator of a spectral state (Figure).
On June 20, 4U 1608-52 made a spectral state transition from hard to soft state as HR went down below 0.2.
On June 22, it reached 700 mCrab and is staying in an almost flat level since then.
Latest MAXI light curve of 4U 1608-52
Rise of an outburst of NS-LMXB 4U 1608-52.
Taken from
Spectral hardness monitor with MAXI and BAT.
4U 1608-52 is listed by the name of H 1608-522.
Blackhole binary MAXI J1727-203 was discovered
news-1211 June 6, 2018 by Mihara
MAXI J1727-203 was discovered by MAXI in constellation Ophiuchus at 9:41 UT
on June 5, 2018 ( ATel #11683).
In response to the MAXI's ATel, NICER on ISS tuened the X-ray telescope
and confirmed the new source at 15:40 UT ( ATel #11689).
The intensity is 150 mCrab now (June 6, 3h UT) and increasing.
The spectral transition which was observed by MAXI, and the spectrum taken
with NICER both indicate the source is likely a blackhole binary ( ATel #11696).
Latest MAXI light curve of MAXI J1727-203
MAXI J1727-203 at discovery.
MAXI J1727-203 appeared at a blank position (red cross).
No.3 source is a bright LMXB GX 9+9. No.7 is a weak X-ray source Ophiuchus cluster of galaxies.
No.1 is Kepler's SNR which is too soft to be deteced by MAXI/GSC.
Superburst from the neutron star binary SAX J1712.6-3739
news-1210 May 16, 2018 by Mihara
MAXI detected an X-ray brightening from SAX J1712.6-3739 on May 8, 2018 ( ATel #11636). The source is in the constellation Scorpio, and was discovered in 1999 by the Italian X-ray satellite BeppoSAX. The distance is 23,000 lt-years and almost as far as the Galactic center. The source is known to be a close binary of a neutron star and a low-mass star because it sometimes exhibits an X-ray burst. It is a thermo-nuclear-fusion runaway on the surface of a neutron star. The burst lasts for 10-100 seconds. Meantime, about 10^19 kg of H and He burns, and emits X-ray with 100,000 times more energy per second than the light from the Sun per second. Surprising on May-8 burst was that it had already started 8 minutes ago, as detected by Swift/BAT ( ATel #11623). It turns out a "super burst", which is a rare phenomenon known to us only recently since around 2000. It lasts for some hours, and emits 100 times more energy than a regular X-ray burst. Only about 16 superburst-sources are known.
Blackhole binary MAXI J1535-571 dimmed out
news-1209 April 24, 2018 by Mihara
The X-ray nova with a blackhole,
MAXI J1535-571, decayed under MAXI detection last week (2018 April 16, MJD 58224).
( ATel #11568).
It appeared on September 2, 2017
It reached 5 Crab on September 19 and shone as the brightest X-ray nova
in the 21st century.
MAXI had monitored the X-ray flux for 7 months after the discovery
( MAXI light curve of MAXI J1535-571).
It started to decay more rapidly around March 26, 2018
when the flux went down to 1 % of the peak.
Then the peak in late September is supposed to be the Eddington luminosity.
The distance can be calculated about 30000 light years.
MAXI operation has been extended for another 3 years
(2018.4 - 2021.3.) by JAXA.
MAXI will find more and more X-ray novas.
MAXI-BAT light curves of MAXI J1535-571
A distance of 11 kpc was assumed for flux-luminosity conversion.
IGR J17379-3747 was a ms pulsar
news-1208 April 11, 2018 by Mihara
MAXI detected a postive flux (37 mCrab) from the gamma-ray source
IGR J17379-3747 on March 19 2018 ( ATel #11447).
This source was discovered at the outburst in 2004 by
the INTEGRAL satellite. The system was turned out to be a binary of a neutron star and a low-mass star.
It had an outburst again in 2008, when Swift/XRT determined the accurate position ( ATel #1714).
At the MAXI detection of the 3rd outburst this time, VLA radio observatory poionted the position and
detected a radio flux on March 22 ( ATel #11487). It means that
a compact jet was emitted just like a ms pulsar.
Follow-up observation by NICER on ISS which has a good timing capability in fact detected
an X-ray pulsation of 2.1 ms (468 rotations per second !) on March 29 ( ATel #11507).
NICER also measured the orbital period, which is only 1.88 hours, and then the companion star weighs only 0.06 solar mass (or somewhat heavier).
Thus MAXI's detection triggers many observations, which in cooperation reveal a secret of the nature.
ATel : Astronomer's Telegram http://www.astronomerstelegram.org
X-ray nova MAXI J1820+070
news-1207 March 27, 2018 by Mihara
The X-ray nova MAXI J1820+070 is now the second brightest star in the X-ray sky.
MAXI J1820+070 was discovered by the Japanese payload MAXI on ISS on March 11 2018
( ATel #11399).
J1820+070 means the location (alpha, delta) = (18h 20m, +7.0deg) in J2000 coordinate. It is in Ophiuchus.
MAXI is monitoring the flux in every ISS orbit (~90minutes).
At first it was only 30 mCrab. It gradually brightened up and reached 2 Crab on March 21.
Since then in this week, it has stayed in almost the same brightness till today (March 27).
Many follow up observations are carried out by Swift, NICER on ISS (USA), XMM-Newton, Integral (ESA), HXMT (China), as well as many optical and radio observatories.
It is revealed to be a binary of a blackhole and a normal star.
Crab is the unit of X-ray flux. 1 Crab is the flux from the Crab nebula.
MAXI J1820+070 on 2018 3 23.
Shift of onset orbital-phase of the normal outburst in GRO J1008-57
news-1206 January 30th, 2018 by Nakajima and Mihara MAXI/GSC detected X-ray
birghtening from the Be/X-ray binary pulsar GRO J1008-57 from 2018
January 23 (MJD 58141) ( ATel #11244 ).
The onset of this outburst occurred at the orbital phase of 0.90,
using the the orbital parameters, T0=54416.65 (MJD)
and Porb=249.48 d (Kühnel et al. 2013).
In 2009-2015 season, MAXI/GSC observations showed that the onset
phase of the normal outbursts was in a narrow range
(0.92-0.93) in orbital phase. However, the last 4 normal outbursts
started from the orbital phase of 0.91.
The shift of the outburst onset might imply that the
geometrical parameters of the circumstellar disc around the Be star
have changed.
Folded light curves of outbursts in GRO J1008-57.
Brightest blackhole nova ever in MAXI history
news-1205 September 29th, 2017 by Tatehiro MiharaMAXI discovered the X-ray nova MAXI J1535-571 in constellation Norma at 2017 September 2nd 23:55 UT (57998 MJD)
( ATel #10699 ).
In 4 hour prior to it (20:00 UT) Swift/BAT discovered it independently ( GCN #21788 ).
More 5 hours prior to it (14:41 UT) MAXI nova-search program had detected it automatically.
Further observation with MAXI revealed that it is a black hole binary ( ATel #10708 ).
The brightness of MAXI J1535-571 kept rising and finally reached 5 Crab on September 19th (58015 MJD).
It has become the brightest X-ray nova ever in MAXI history.
Appearance of an X-ray nova brighter than 3 Crab was for the first time in 18 years since 1999.
In other words, MAXI J1535-571 is the brightest X-ray nova in this century.
In fact, it is the seventh brightest blackhole X-ray nova in history [ Top list of Blackhole nova].
MAXI all-sky map on 2017 September 19th
MAXI light curve of MAXI J1535-571
Announcement of MAXI 7 years international conference (Dec5-7)
news-1204 September 12th, 2016 by Tatehiro MiharaWe will hold an international conference,
7 years of MAXI : Monitoring X-ray Transients
on 5-7 December, 2016
at Suzuki Umetaro Hall, RIKEN
2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
It is just three months ahead !
Program is available and Registration page is open at
http://maxi.riken.jp/conf/sevenyears/
We call for contributed talks/posters.
The deadline of registration is 30 September 2016.
Please join us.
MAXI was honored for Innovation in Earth and Space Science in 2016 ISS R&D conference
news-1203 July 29th, 2016 by Tatehiro MiharaOn July14, 2016, MAXI instrument was awarded for b01Innovation in Earth and Space Scienceb01 in the b012016 ISS Research and Development conferenceb01 held in San Diego, USA. Organizers of the conference, which are American Astronautical Society (AAS), NASA and CASIS, select a top research in each of seven categories in the ISS R&D every year.
![Commemorative shield Commemorative shield](MAXI%20News_files/photo2_2-241x300.jpg)
Commemorative shield
![Award ceremony Award ceremony. Center is Tatehiro Mihara on behalf of the MAXI team.](MAXI%20News_files/photo1_2-300x225.jpg)
Award ceremony. Center is Tatehiro Mihara on behalf of the MAXI team.
MAXI has been observing the X-ray sky for seven years since August,
2009. MAXI team issued 350 Astronomerb01s telegrams noticing variability
in the X-ray celestial bodies to the world-wide astronomers. MAXI data
is open from MAXI homepage in Riken, which contains light curves and
spectra of blackhole binaries and X-ray binary pulsars, etc. They are
used in more than 150 refereed papers in the high energy astronomy.
In February, 2016, the first detection of gravitational wave (GW) was
reported by LIGO team. MAXI scanned the GW source region in 4 b01 30
minutes after the event and obtained an upper limits for an X-ray
emission. Next GW event may occur in the field of view of MAXI.
Combination of MAXI with new instruments will make MAXI more valuable.
They are CALET (high energy electron and gamma-ray detector) on JEM and
NICER (X-ray telescope on ISS coming up in early 2017).
NASA News (2016.7.15)c01 (hardcopy of MAXI part)
JAXA ISS news (2016.7.15) (in Japanese)
RIKEN topics (2016.7.22) (in Japanese)
MAXI presentation on ISS R&D conference (pdf 18MB) (2016.7.13)
Suzaku & MAXI special issue of PASJ (2016.6.1)
Orbital phase shift in a new type I outburst of the Be/X-ray binary EXO 2030+375
news-1202 July 25th, 2016 by Tatehiro MiharaIn the last four years, the Be/X-ray binary EXO 2030+375 has displayed an unusual behaviour: its X-ray activity decreased and type I outbursts were not detected at several periastron passages. At the same time, its pulse-period derivative changed from a constant spin up to almost zero (ATEL #8835). Optical observations revealed a large equivalent width of the H alpha line (ATEL #8927).
We report a shift of the outburst peak phase in the most recent (MJD 57589) type I X-ray outburst of EXO 2030+375. The peak flux of the latest outburst was ~30 mCrab on 2016 July 20 (MJD 57589) for both MAXI/GSC and Swift/BAT. This corresponds to an orbital phase of 0.015 (orbital ephemeris of Wilson et al. 2008) and represents a significant change from the almost constant value of ~0.13 for all the detected type I outbursts since 2007. The peak time changed from ~5 days after the periastron to ~0.7 days after the periastron.
In addition, the latest Fermi/GBM spin frequency measurement (2016 April 25) suggests that the source is now starting to spin down.
All these observations are strikingly similar to the events which occurred from January 1994 to October 1995. The X-ray flux decreased, leading to several undetected outbursts, followed by a slow transition to spin down. In October 1995, a sudden shift of the outburst peak time from ~5 days after the periastron to ~5 days before the periastron was observed (Wilson et al. 2002).
The first giant outburst was detected on MJD 46204 (1985 May). The peak could be 0-30 days earlier than this date. The orbital phase shift occurred at MJD 50040 (1995 October). The time between these events is of 3836 ~ 3866 days. The peak of the second giant outburst was around MJD 53960 (2006 May), which is 3920 days after the phase shift. The time between the second giant outburst and the current phase shift is of 3629 days. All these time spans are similar.
We strongly encourage optical and infra-red observations to better understand the origin of this apparently recurrent events.
The recent outburst compared to the last two brightest outbursts is shown below.
The latest evolution of the outburst can be followed at the BeXRB monitor page: http://integral.esac.esa.int/bexrbmonitor/ which combines data from MAXI/GSC, Swift/BAT and Fermi/GBM. This news has been posted to ATEL #9263.
GX 304-1 repeating normal outbursts by shifting onset phase
news-1201 January 27th, 2016 by Tatehiro MiharaOn 2016 January 24 (MJD 57411), the MAXI/GSC nova-search system
detected an X-ray emission from the recurrent Be/X-ray transient pulsar,
GX 304-1 (ATel #8592).
The Swift/BAT also observed the brightening from January 23. The MAXI
trigger time corresponds to the orbital phase of 0.019 (adopting
Porb=132.189 d and To=55425.6 (MJD) ; Sugizaki et al. 2015). Thus the
present event is a normal outburst.
Comparing it with the recent four normal outbursts, we found that their
onsets steadily shifted later and later (from ~0.90 orbital phase on
2014 December to 0.02 on 2016 January). Such a shift has been observed
from three other Be X-ray binaries (GS 0834-430 ; Wilson et al. 1997,
EXO 2030+375 ; Wilson et al. 2002, A0535+26 ; Nakajima et al. 2014).
Although not all of the Be X-ray binaries show the shift, the shift of
the outburst phase might be a common phenomenon in the Be X-ray binaries
and it might be based on some physical mechanism.
The MAXI 2-20keV light curves of the recent 6 orbits of GX 304-1 from
the top to the bottom. The horizontal axis is the orbital phase. A
steady shift of the onset phase is seen in the succeeding 4 outbursts.
NS-LMXB GS 1826-238 turns into a soft state
news-1200 June 20th, 2014 by Tatehiro MiharaThe neutron-star low-mass X-ray binary GS 1826-238 turned into a
soft state on June 8, 2014. This source remained in the hard state
since the discovery in 1988 (Cocchi et al, 2010, Ubertini et al. 1999, Barret et al. 1996, Tanaka 1989) including the recent five years of MAXI observation.
However, on 8 June 2014, the MAXI/GSC hardness ratio (7-20keV / 2-7 keV)
showed a rapid drop from ~ 0.4 (previous level) into 0.1, which meant a
softening. The 2-10 keV X-ray flux accordingly increased from 50 mCrab
(before May 2014) to 140 mCrab (15 June 2014) (Fig.1). On the other
hand, Swift/BAT light curve shows a decline in the hard X-ray band
(15-50 keV) after 2014 June 8. The GSC spectra of the hard state and the
soft state are shown in Fig.2. These results indicate that the source
entered into a soft state for the first time.
Fig.1. Light curves with MAXI/GSC and Swift/BAT. The MAXI flux started
to increase and the BAT flux started to decrease from MJD 56816
(2014/06/08). The two jumping points in MAXI at 56793 and 56815 MJD are
X-ray bursts. The BAT light curve is taken from http://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/results/transients/Ginga1826-238/ .
Fig.2. Spectra of the hard state (black, 56770- 56800 MJD) and the soft
state (red, 56820 b01 56827 MJD) of GS 1826-238 with MAXI/GSC. The fit
model is wabs*(diskbb+compbb). Now the disk-blackbody is dominabt in the
soft energy band.
The GSC spectrum can be obtained through MAXI On-demand page http://maxi.riken.jp/mxondem/ .
GRB 140219A: MAXI/GSC detection
news-1199 February 26th, 2014 by Motoko SerinoThe extremely bright GRB 140219A has been detected by MAXI/GSC. The position of the source was not in the field of view of any of GSC cameras. The photons came through counter walls, shields, or collimator sheets. Part of the signals might be produced by the Compton-scattered electrons induced by the gamma-rays.
![grb140219A grb140219A](MAXI%20News_files/grb140219A-300x210.png)
The light curve of GRB 140219A observed by GSC_3 counter. The high resolution light curve around the peak is shown in the inset.
Pulse period of X-ray Binary Pulsar 4U 1626-67
news-1198 October 2nd, 2013 by Tatehiro MiharaThe pulse period (about 7.6 s) and change rate of the pulse period (about -2.6 x 10-11 s/s) of the X-ray Binary Pulsar 4U1626-67 are obtained with MAXI/GSC data.
The pulse period (red points in the figure, plotted in frequency) was obtained in each 60-day MAXI/GSC data from MJD 55110 up to 56249. The results were superposed with those with Fermi/GBM (black points). MAXI data are consistent with the Fermi/GBM data. Each red bar with the red point represents an average change-rate of the pulse period with MAXI in the 60 days. The pulse period is getting shorter and shorter (= spinning up) with alomost a constant change rate.
The next figure shows residuals from a linear fit to the Fermi/GBM data. Red points and black points represent MAXI and Fermi/GBM data, respectively. The vertical axis is in frequency. MAXI data points have an error bar, but it is small enough as is sometimes included in the size of the red points. The data is V-shaped, and there is a break in the middle. We found that the flux after this point was brighter than that before. We interprete that amount of gas accreting to the neutron star increased at this point to cause an increase in the spin-up rate.